Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
and Vietnam. UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series (Los Angeles: University of Cali-
fornia, 2002), 25. 54. Nonetheless, the administration of Kory0 was not always carried out as it should have been according to the universal principles. Early twelfth-century states- man Yi Chay0n remarked on this, saying that although the heavenly principles that pun- ished by natural disaster and rewarded with auspicious portents were correct, the officials responsible for governing the country only paid lip-service to these principles, instead of strictly adhering to them. Yi’s criticism was, in other words, directed at the often less than ideal dedication of the bureaucracy that caused deviations from the universal prin- ciples. This kind of criticism is important, because it shows the significance attached r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 75 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 75 to the principle of the interaction between Heaven and man; it tells us to take seriously these kinds of beliefs and not to dismiss them as superstition. It also shows how these rather abstract principles were used and thought of in daily practice. See Kory0sa 95: 9b–10a. 55. When the pine hills that had given Songak its name were being ravaged by bugs, all kinds of rituals were performed to stop the bugs from eating away at one of Kory0’s most sacred symbols. In the end, when the reading of sutras, prayers to Heaven, and gatherings of monks failed, two thousand monks were dispatched to read the sutras to the insects. When even this extreme measure proved to have no result, five hundred soldiers were sent into the mountains to engage in close combat with the blasphemous insects. See Chin Y0ngil, “‘Kory0sa’ ohaeng, ch’0nmunji-r1l t’onghae pon yuga chils0 kaeny0m-1i puns0k,” 111; Kory0sa 541b–2a. 56. The elaborate description of the w0n’gu ritual in the Kory0sa and the existence of two separate entries on rituals to be performed after the ruler has officiated the w0n’gu ritual (namely, the Congratulatory ceremony after the monarch has officiated the w0n’gu ritual himself and the Pardoning ceremony after the monarch has officiated the w0n’gu ritual himself ) all but establish the prominent position of this ritual in Kory0. Nonetheless, there are only fourteen mentions of a Kory0 monarch actually performing this ritual, beginning with S0ngjong, the monarch who officially established the w0n’gu ritual in Kory0. A strong indication that Kory0 rulers nevertheless performed the w0n’gu ritual on a regular basis is provided by Yun Sojong’s admonition to King U, in which he urges him to perform in person the rituals that the Kory0 rulers have performed them- selves from the beginning of the dynasty on. Among these was the w0n’gu ritual. See Kory0sa 120: 7b. The Kory0sa further mentions that S0ngjong performed this ritual in his second year. This ritual is only mentioned another thirteen times in the official an- nals, but as Chin Y0ngil argues, from Yi Kyubo’s writings it can be inferred that the chech’0n ritual was performed until the period of Mongol domination. The Kory0sa p0mnye is rather vague. It states that only the first occurrence of such state rituals as w0n’gu, palgwanhoe, and y0nd1nghoe will be mentioned and that unless so noted they were held regularly. The only exception would be when the monarch himself officiated, but in the case of the w0n’gu ritual, only the monarch could perform this ritual. A last indication of the centrality of the w0n’gu ritual is provided by references to it in the de- scriptions of other rituals. The purification rites that are a condition sine qua non for the Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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