Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
w0n’gu ritual were also adhered to in, for instance, the t’aemyo ritual “as performed dur-
ing the w0n’gu ritual.” See Kory0sa p0mnye 1a–b; Kory0sa 59: 1b–26a, 60:2a, 67: 22a– b, and 67: 35a–b. It should further be mentioned that there were two main sacrifices at the altar in Kory0: one was performed in spring to pray for rain; the other was performed in the winter to secure a good harvest. As Okamura Sh uji points out, however, Kory0 had no sacrifice for the winter solstice, the most important sacrifice at the altar in China. Okamura suggests, plausibly, that the p’algwanhoe, which took place around the time of the winter solstice, may have taken over some of the functions of the solstice ritual un- der the guise of a native/Buddhist festival. See Okamura, “K orai no enkyu shitenrei to sekaikan” (I owe this suggestion to Dr. Sem Vermeersch). 57. There are also sources that explicitly state that T’aejo received the Heavenly Mandate. See, for instance, Pak Illyang, Tong muns0n 28 Munjong aech’aek; Kory0sa 1:9a–b, 70: 16a–b. Also see Kory0sa 14: 47b, when S0ngjong refers to himself having received the Heavenly Mandate. 58. The notion of a supreme being in Kory0 was also pluralist and ambiguous. There is compelling evidence that the different designations and rituals referring to the supreme being in fact referred to various supreme beings that coexisted in the religious 76 k o r e a n s t u d i e s , v o l . 2 7 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 76 world of Kory0. See Kim Ilgw0n, “Kory0 sidae 1i taw0nj0k chi’goshin kwanny0m-gwa k1 1iryesasangsaj0k pae’gy0ng” [The pluralist concept of the Supreme Being and its rit- ual background in the Kory0 period], Han’guk munhwa, 29 (2002): 145– 46. 59. See Kory0sa 3: 25b. Note incidentally that the distinction between the Son of Heaven and the feudal lords is made after the general definition of the ruler. 60. Some nativists waited for the day when the Kory0 Son of Heaven would rightly reign as the only Son of Heaven in the All-Under-Heaven, but pluralists did not. See No My0ngho, “Kory0 sidae-1i taw0nj0k ch’0nha’gwan-gwa haedong ch’0nja,” 13–14. 61. The Kory0 ruler did not consider himself to be the only one who could medi- ate between Heaven and the people. His subordinate role toward the Chinese Son of Heaven and the dual structure of Kory0 society in this respect prevented this. At the same time, it is clear that he acted as if he were the “only one” for Kory0. This is a contradic- tion, but it was accommodated—and not solved—in Kory0. 62. Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang invested T’aejo in 933 as king of Kory0. In 939 he was invested as Commander Unequalled in Honour and Acting Grand Perceptor instead of Specially Advanced Grand Guardian by Emperor Gaozong of the Later Jin. In 945 Hyejong was invested as Kory0 king. After the downfall of Later Jin, Kory0 es- tablished relations with Later Zhou in 951, which were affirmed in 953 by the investi- ture of Kwangjong as king of Kory0, a subsequent promotion of investiture rank in 956, and a raise of enfeoffed households in 959. See Kory0sa 2: 3b– 4a, 2: 27a. 63. As is well known, T’aejo starved to death the fifty camels a Khitan envoy of 942 had brought as a gift under the Manbu Bridge. This bridge was consequently pop- ularly known as the “Camel Bridge.” See Kory0sa 2:14a–b. His Ten Injunctions call Liao “a nation of savage beasts.” See Kory0sa 2: 15b. 64. Two more invasions took place during the reign of Hy0njong (1010 and 1018). Kory0 entered into a tributary relationship with Liao directly after the first invasion, which promptly ended when S0ngjong complied with the wishes of Liao General Su Xunning, who had wondered “why Kory0 would maintain friendly relations with the Song far across the sea, when [Kory0 and Liao] share borders?” 65. They did so by requesting military aid from Song against Liao, knowing full well that Song was not in any position at all to grant Kory0 such a request. See Songshi 487: 14042. 66. See Kory0sa 3: 27a–28b. 67. From S0ngjong to Yejong, all Kory0 kings were invested and enfeoffed by the Liao emperors with the exceptions of T0kchong (r. 1031–1034) and Sunjong (r. 1083.7– 1083.10), who were not invested, but only enfeoffed due to the brevity of their respec- tive reigns. See Shim Chaes0k, Kory0 kug’wang ch’aekpong y0n’gu, 248–51. 68. See Kory0sa 17: 7a–b. 69. Kory0sa 8: 11a. The Secretariat-Chancellery’s advice was well rewarded, for in the next month Kory0 received ninety-nine books from Liao. The month after that a Liao envoy visited Kaegy0ng. In other words, Kory0 received both rewards and reminders from Liao. 70. Munjong’s reign serves as a good example of this attitude. Munjong fulfilled his duties to the Liao Son of Heaven, but also tried to maintain profitable relations with Song, without officially recognizing its Son of Heaven. Undoubtedly, this was partially inspired by the hope that Song medicines might cure him from his strokes and also by his devout Buddhist beliefs. 4ich’0n shared his father’s wishes and attempted to go to Song several times, unsuccessfully until he ignored the opposition from the Secretariat- Chancellery and remonstrance officials and went on an illegal journey. The fact that Munjong was invested and reinvested a total of five times by Liao testifies to the strength r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 77 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 77 of the Liao-Kory0 relationship. See Kory0sa 7: 7b, 7: 12a–13b, 30 –32b, 81a–3a,and 24a–27b; Shim Chaes0k, Kory0 kug’wang ch’aekpong y0n’gu, 142–43. According to Jing- shen Tao, Munjong wanted to forge an alliance with Song to attack the Khitan in order to be relieved of the costly visits of Khitan envoys. Although the Kory0sa records de- bates with Munjong about this possibility, the fact that it never materialized in a con- crete proposal to Song is indicative both of the strength of the Liao and the relativity of the benefits of a Song overlordship. The greedy behavior of Song envoys and the many benefits of Liao suzerainty seem to have more or less kept the Song and the Liao in bal- ance, at least from a financial point of view. See Jing-shen Tao, Two Sons of Heaven: Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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