Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
Studies in Sung-Liao Relations (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988), 82–83;
Kory0sa 9: 22a–b. 71. Kory0’s ability to repel three successive Khitan invasions shows its strength. Kory0 was too strong for the Liao to simply ignore, although obviously they were not nearly as strong as the Liao were. Nonetheless, a possible alliance with Song would make them a foe to be reckoned with. This is why Liao did everything it could to pre- vent the formation of a Song-Kory0 alliance and with success. See Tao, Two Sons of Heaven, 85. 72. The Liao court sought to impress Kory0 by means of its advanced Buddhist culture. Kim Y0ngmi has described how Liao offered knowledge, scripture, and books in exchange for closer ties or the cancellation of embassies to Song. Kory0 was very eager to receive Liao Buddhist knowledge and artifacts. See Kim Y0ngmi, “11segi huban–12segi ch’o Kory0 · Yo oegyo kwangye-wa pulgy0ng kyoryu” [Relations between the Liao and Kory0 and the exchange of Buddhist scriptures during the early 12th cen- tury]. Y0ksa-wa hy0nsil, 43 (2002): 47–77. Also see Shim, Kory0 kug’wang ch’aekpong y0n’gu, 144. 73. Despite the often vehement criticism of Song literati (especially those espous- ing the New Laws), in general the Song attitude toward Kory0’s behavior and pretensions was rather tolerant. Liao and Jin were significantly more willing to recognize the possi- bility of another Son of Heaven, perhaps because they themselves had always had to com- pete with other Sons of Heaven. See Tao, Two Sons of Heaven, 25–34, 81–84; An Py0ngu, “Kory0-wa Song-1i sangho insik-kwa kyos0p” [Mutual perception and negotiations be- tween Kory0 and the Song: from the last half of the eleventh century to the first half of the twelfth century], Y0ksa-wa hy0nsil, 43 (2002): 78–110; R. E. Breuker, “Borrowed Status: Sinophilia as Policy in 12th century Kory0? Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasien- forschung, 27 (2003). For criticism of Song literati, see, for instance, Songshi 372: 11544. 74. Shim Chaes0k’s analysis of the workings of the tributary system is exhaus- tive and detailed, but he fails to reach the conclusions the evidence he presents suggests. In a system that allows one emperor to invest another emperor, that accommodates chang- ing allegiances, and that does not, in practice, have one center, it is not possible to sup- pose direct correspondence between tributary protocol and historical reality. As a result, the tributary system as an analytical tool loses much of its usefulness. Furthermore, analy- ses through the prism of the tributary system have often tended to polarize differences, obscuring ambiguity and nuances, both domestically and bilaterally. See Shim, Kory0 kug’wang ch’aekpong y0n’gu, 287–306. 75. Some instances of hampered Realpolitik are T’aejo’s refusal to deal with Liao, the initial rejection of Jin suzerainty during the reign of Injong (Jin suzerainty was only accepted in 1142), continued relations with Song despite Liao disapproval, the aston- ishing reluctance to deal with Myoch’0ng that was only overcome when he revolted, and the consistent downgrading of imperial envoys that came to Kory0. See Okamura Sh uji, “Shisetsu geisetsurei yori mita K orai no gaiko jisei: juichi, juni seki ni okeru tai-Chu 78 k o r e a n s t u d i e s , v o l . 2 7 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 78 kankei no ichimen” [Kory0’s diplomatic posture as seen in the welcoming rituals for en- voys: one aspect of eleventh- and twelfth-century Sino-Korean relations], Shikan, 110 (1984): 28–38; Okamura, “K orai no enkyu shitenrei to sekaikan,” 310–16. 76. There are in fact many indications that Kory0 valued Liao Buddhist culture and knowledge very highly. Simultaneous to the appreciation of Liao culture, the cul- tural blossoming that had its epitome under Munjong had produced a cultural self- confidence that put Song accomplishments into perspective. There is, in other words, ample room to reconsider these crude dichotomies. See Kim Y0ngmi, “11segi huban– 12segi ch’o Kory0· Yo oegyo kwangye-wa pulgy0ng kyoryu,” 70–74; Breuker, “Borrowed Status.” 77. See An, “Kory0-wa Song-1i sangho insik-kwa kyos0p,” 92–100. 78. See, for example, the letters of Pak Illyang (?–1096) to the Liao emperor, in which he confidently and persistently asks for the return of certain pieces of land at the border. In his writings, Pak recognized the superiority of the Liao emperor, but simul- taneously claimed an inherently independent status for Kory0 by emphasizing Kory0’s rights to its own vassals and to its territorial integrity. See Breuker, “Borrowed Status”; for an example of Pak’s writings see Tong muns0n 39, Sang Taeyo hwangje koju p’yo [Despatch to his majesty the Liao emperor] or see Tong muns0n 28, Munwang aech’aek [Eulogy for Munjong]. 79. Okamura concluded that Kory0 welcomed the Liao envoys with rituals that belonged to the category of pin ye and not that of the standard ritual between suzerain and vassal, the kunsin ye. He also concluded that Kory0 rituals reflected significant ele- ments of Kory0’s peculiar Weltanschauung. See Okamura, “K orai no gaikoshisei to kokka’ishiki,” 72–73; idem, “Shisetsu geisetsurei yori mita K orai no gaiko jisei,”28–31; idem, “K orai no enkyu shitenrei to sekaikan,” 310–22. 80. See Kory0sa 97:3a–b; Kory0sa ch0ryo 8:20a–b; also see Breuker, “Borrowed Status.” 81. Pu1i was a close favorite of Injong as well as one of the more popular lectur- ers on the Confucian classics in the royal palace. See, for instance, Kory0sa 97:3b, 16:30a, and 16: 26b. 82. “. . . Wang Anshi . . . said that if one governs oneself well, even in a small coun- try of only 70 li one can be ruler of a realm. Mencius said that a country of 1000 li does not have to be afraid of other countries, but the reason that we, while our realm covers a 1000 li, are afraid of others, is because we do not govern ourselves. At present, Kory0 occupies the old territories of the Three Han and how could that be no more than 70 li? Nonetheless, we fear other countries and this must be undoubtedly so because we do not make it our priority to govern ourselves. . . . W e should have the walls of the capital and of the garrisons of each province made higher and the moats dug deeper. . . .” Kory0sa 97: 3b– 4b. For another example of Pu1i’s orthodox Confucian and yet Kory0-centric position, see Tong muns0n 35, Sa pul subok Poju p’yo [Expression of gratitude for not reclaiming Poju], in which he simultaneously thanks the Jin emperor for leaving Poju in Kory0 hands and affirms Kory0’s historically legitimate claim to the region and its historical boundaries. 83. See Breuker, “Borrowed Status.” 84. Even the diplomatic efforts of Kim Pusik are not as straightforwardly sinocen- tric as is often stated. 85. See No My0ngho, “Kory0 sidae-1i taw0nj0k ch’0nha’gwan-gwa haedong ch’0nja,” 5–6; Breuker, “Borrowed Status.” 86. Pak passed the state examinations during Munjong’s reign and also served as an associate examiner in 1083. See Kory0sa 73: 22a, 95: 17b. r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 79 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 79 87. Pak retreated to a temple when he was about to die, as did some of his sons. According to an epigraph from 1139, his second son, Ch’ongs0, became abbot of the H0ngw0nsa. Another one of his in all nine sons, Pak Ky0ngin, retreated to the Sosinsa when he felt his end was near. See Kory0 myojimy0ng chips0ng 52: 16; 69. 88. The admiration did not go unrequited. Pak’s biography in the Kory0sa men- tions that Song officials were so impressed with his writings and those of his fellow en- voy Kim K1n—father of the four Kim brothers—that they collected and published these in a book called Collection of Writings from Little China. The epigraph for Pak Ky0ngsan, one of Pak Illyang’s sons, mentions the same fact together with the comment that some of Pak Illyang’s writings had been included in Song anthologies. See Kory0sa 95: 18a; Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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