Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
Haeju Kwangh1isa Chinch’0l taesa pow0l s1nggong pimun in Y0ktae kos1ng pimun 18–
21; Kangn1ng Chijang s0nw0n Nangw0n taesa ogak t’appimun in Y0ktae kos1ng pimun 130 –35. For Kory0’s three thousand vassals, see Kaep’ung S0unsa Yoo hwasang chin- w0n t’appimun in Y0ktae kos1ng pimun 54–58. 30. See, for example, the epitaph for the wife of Ch’oe Nubaek; Ch’oe Nubaek ch’0 Y0m Ky0ngae myojimy0ng in Kory0 myojimy0ng chips0ng 94: 22. Note inciden- tally that the habit of regarding the Kory0 ruler as a king is so ingrained that even the distinguished translators of this epitaph rendered the “Son of Heaven” (ch’0nja) of the original text as “king” in English. See Peter H. Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civi- lization: From Early Times to the Sixteenth Century, vol. I (New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1993), 322. 31. For a detailed discussion of Kwangjong’s reign, see Yi Kibaek, Kory0 Kwang- jong y0n’gu [A study of Kwangjong of Kory0] (Seoul: Ilchokak, 1981), esp. 93–112. 32. Kwangjong’s movement did not go unnoticed, of course. It is, for instance, men- tioned in the stele for Grand Preceptor Ch0ngjin: “[Kwangjong] achieved the supreme and realized the August Extreme [i.e., imperial stature].” See Mun’gy0ng Pongamsa Ch0ngjin taesa w0no t’appimun in Y0ktae kos1ng pimun 440–61. Nonetheless, there seems to be little difference with earlier or later steles. 33. See Kim Kid0k, “Kory0-1i chewangje-wa hwangjeguk ch’eje” [The system of multiple kings and the imperial system of Kory0], Kuksagwan nonch’ong, 78 (1997): 159–72; No My0ngho, “Kory0 sidae-1i taw0nj0k ch’0nha’gwan-gwa haedong ch’0nja”; Shim Chaes0k, Kory0 kug’wang ch’aekpong y0n’gu [A study of the investiture and en- feoffment of the kings of Kory0] (Seoul: Hean, 2002). Kim and, in particular, No de- veloped innovative theses about Kory0 identity, but Shim, despite impressive detail, re- mains wedded to a one-dimensional view of Kory0 in the context of the tributary system. 34. Kory0 had maintained its own tributary states from early on. These states (or tribes) were expected to pay tribute and to recognize the Kory0 ruler as their suzerain. The reason that the Jurchen referred to Kory0 as their “father and mother” country when they founded the Jin dynasty finds its origin in this practice. The Kory0sa mentions that the Wan-yen clan considered Kory0 (referred to as taebang or “great country”) their place of origin and that the founding ancestors of the Wan-yen clan recognized the fact that they had belonged to Kory0 and had owed it their allegiance. See Kory0sa 13: 7b-8a; Okamura Sh uji, “Korai no gaikoshisei to kokka’ishiki” [Diplomatic posture and national consciousness of Kory0], Rekishigaku kenky u, special ed. (Tokyo: Chuseishibu Kai, 1982), 67–77; idem, “K orai no enkyu shitenrei to sekaikan” [ Kory0’s heaven-worship ritual and its Weltanschauung], in Ch osen shakai no shiteki hakken to To-Ajia [Histori- cal development of Korean society and East Asia], ed. Takeda Yukio (Tokyo: Yamagawa Shuppankai,1997), 310 –16; Ch’u My0ngy0p, “Kory0 ch0n’gi ‘p0n’ insik-kwa ‘tong- sob0n’-1i [The perception of p0n and the formation of the Eastern and Western P0n in early Kory0], Y0ksa-wa hy0nshil, 43 (2002): 39– 40. 35. An obvious alternative explanation would be that the designation k1msang hwangje refers to the Song emperor, but judging from the contents of the inscription, this is not the case. See Han’guk k1msok ch0nmun, Chungse sang, Mae yaksasang, 411: 8–10. 36. See, for example, the document in which Wang K0n invests Kim Pu as king r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 73 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 73 of Nangnang. See No, Han’guk kodae chungse komuns0 y0n’gu, 49–52. It was common practice to invest members of the royal family as wang. The resulting structure was vir- tually identical to that of the Tang dynasty, which had served as the model for Kory0. Also see Kim Kid0k, “Kory0-1i chewangje-wa hwangjeguk ch’eje,” 161–64, for a de- tailed account of this practice. 37. This was only reversed during the reign of 4ijong, when a memorial reached the throne requesting to organize three instead of five armies. The justification for this reorganization was that 4ijong was a king, not an emperor. In other words, until well into the reign of 4ijong, Kory0 had a military organization that belonged to an emperor. After the reorganization of the army during 4ijong’s reign, this was reversed, but only in name. The military organization still relied upon its division in five armies. See Yi Kibaek, Kory0 py0ngjesa y0n’gu [A study of the military institutions of Kory0] (Seoul: Ilchokak, 1968), 136–38; Kim Kid0k, “Kory0-1i chewangje-wa hwangjeguk ch’eje,” 169; Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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