Korean Studies, 27. 1
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Kory 335 as an independent realm
muns0n 39, Hoe s0n’gy0ng p’yo.
100. See Tong muns0n 35, Sa kwan taey0n p’yo [Letter of gratitude for a sump- tuous official dinner]; Tong muns0n 35, Sa kwan y0n p’yo [Letter of gratitude for an official dinner]. 101. On the other hand, there are no records that confirm that Myoch’0ng, Paek Suhan, Cho Kwan, Ch0ng Chisang, or any of Myoch’0ng’s sympathizers mentioned in the sources ever went on a diplomatic mission abroad. The only exception is Mun Kon- gin, who deserted Myoch’0ng before it was too late to save his own skin. It seems that despite the rather high bureaucratic posts these men sometimes held, they were mainly palace attendants, scholars, or historians and not diplomats. Experience abroad, having experienced the splendor and abundance or maybe just the military force of other states, thus seems to be a very important element in the formation and maintenance of a plu- ralist worldview. 102. The ruler often had the palace lecturer debate certain points or texts with other leading scholars. 103. Yun 3ni was demoted and banished, due to his alleged close relationship with Ch0ng Chisang. This was despite the fact that Yun served with distinction in Kim Pusik’s army. There are several reasons for his disgrace, the most important probably being the fact that he was affiliated with the faction his father, Yun Kwan, belonged to. Their agenda was the realization of a strong, centralized state, with secure borders under a strong king, which could resist the powerful aristocratic clans. These aims at least partly clashed with those of Kim Pusik. See Edward J. Shultz, “Twelfth-century Kory0 Politics: The Rise of Han Anin and His Partisans,” Journal of Korean Studies, 6 (1988): 3–38. 104. “[F]irstly, the request to adopt a reign name came from the sincerity of hon- oring our sovereign. And at our court there are the precedents of former days of T’aejo and Kwangjong; I have looked at these old documents. Even when Silla and Parhae adopted reign names, the Tang made no military moves and smaller countries did not dare to discuss this mistaken policy. So how could [this request] in this holy age be so presumptuous?” r e m c o e . b r e u k e r : Kory0 as an Independent Realm 81 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 81 105. See No My0ngho, “Kory0 shidae-1i taw0nj0k ch’0nha’gwan-gwa haedong ch’0nja,” 33; No T’aedon, “Samhan-e taehan insig-1i py0nch’0n” [Changes in the per- ceptions of the Samhan], Han’guksa y0n’gu 38 (1982): 155–56. 106. See No My0ngho, “Kory0 sidae-1i taw0nj0k ch’0nha’gwan-gwa haedong ch’0nja,” 36–37. 107. Numbers four and six stand out as conspicuous in this context, both for the differentiation from China and the northern barbarians and for the—often noticed— remarkable eclecticism of the sixth. The translations here are from Lee, Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: “4. In the past we have always had a deep attachment for the ways of China and all of our institutions have been modeled upon those of T’ang. But our country occupies a different geographical location and our people’s character is differ- ent from that of the Chinese. Hence, there is no reason to strain ourselves unreasonably to copy the Chinese way. Khitan is a nation of savage beasts, and its language and cus- toms are also different. Its dress and institutions should never be copied. . . . 6. I deem the two festivals of Y0nd1ng and P’algwan of great spiritual value and importance. The first is to worship Buddha. The second is to worship the spirit of Heaven, the spirits of the five sacred and other major mountains and rivers, and the dragon god. At some fu- ture time, villainous courtiers may propose the abandonment or modification of these festivals. No change should be allowed.” 108. This is truly a staggering figure that amounted to 10 percent of the Kory0 population at this time. See No My0ngho, “Kory0 chibaech’1ng-1i Parhae yumin-e tae- han insik-kwa ch0ngch’aek” [Perceptions and policies of the Kory0 ruling class towards Parhae evacuees], Sanunsahak, 8 (1998): 157. 109. For a detailed inquiry into the reception of Parhae refugees and its ideolog- ical background, see No My0ngho, “Kory0 chibaech’1ng-1i Parhae yumin-e taehan in- sik-kwa ch0ngch’aek.” The exclusion of Parhae from the Samguk sagi by Kim Pusik may seem to be inconsistent with the reception of the Parhae refugees, but Kim Pusik’s own opinion of the “Korean-ness” of Parhae may well have been empirical; that is to say that Kim knew that Parhae was a hybrid state, with the old ruling class from Kogury0 initially ruling over indigenous Manchurian tribes. Later developments saw the mingling of these two classes. It would take a decidedly ahistorical approach to conclude that Parhae was of the very same ancestry as Kory0, even taking into consideration the availability of this kind of historical knowledge at the time. The accusation that Kim excluded Parhae for political reasons (which, incidentally, is not entirely without merit) can also be lev- eled at those who insisted Parhae was of the very same stock as Kory0. For a discussion of Parhae’s dual status as kingdom and empire, see Song Ki-ho, “The Dual Status of Parhae: Kingdom and Empire,” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies, 12 (1996): 104–23. 110. See Feyerabend, Conquest of Abundance, 164–69. 111. Although, obviously, treating the China of the classics as an ideal society in- stead of a historically and geographically bounded entity took the sting out of this con- tradiction. 112. The boundary mechanism was developed by the anthropologist Fredrik Barth, who used it to explain the often amazing flexibility within seemingly set patterns of group or cultural behavior. Barth concluded that the “heart” of culture or identity resides in the boundaries, rather than in the core, as is usually assumed. See Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, introduction. 113. Employing a historical instead of an anthropological perspective, Paul Fey- erabend reached similar—though more abstract—conclusions about culture and the way it functions. He also made explicit what was implicit in Barth’s approach, namely, the idea that because communication with the “outside” takes place through the group bound- 82 k o r e a n s t u d i e s , v o l . 2 7 Korean Studies, 27.1 11/15/04 1:36 PM Page 82 aries, “potentially every culture is all cultures.” Mutual commensurability is a prereq- uisite for conveying meaning, and this is exactly what the boundary mechanism does— both to the “inside” and to the “outside.” See Feyerabend, Conquest of Abundance, 31–33. 114. The longevity of the Kory0 dynasty—and of Chos0n, for that matter—can Download 347.48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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