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Towards SDGs – what Tajikistan should expect?
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Towards SDGs – what Tajikistan should expect? Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)- which build on MDGs - now include 17 goals with water having a dedicated goal worded as “Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. The SDGs aim to promote a holistic water and sanitation goal with targets on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; water resources; water governance; water-related disasters; and wastewater pollution and water quality. Specifically, the water targets for Tajikistan will require efforts to achieve by 2030 universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all. Other specific targets include improved water quality, halving the proportion of untreated waste water, increasing water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate and protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes. As a result, Tajikistan should be mindful of the fact that the SDG water goal is closely linked to a number of other SDG goals, namely: (1) No poverty; (3) Good health and well-being; (7) Affordable and clean energy; (11) Sustainable cities and communities; (12) Responsible consumption and production; (13) Climate action; and (15) life on land. Challenges Tajikistan faces in meeting Water-related SDGs: Improving access to clean water, sanitation and irrigation will, therefore, remain one of the most pressing challenges for Tajikistan given a number of reasons, including: (i) limited government funding of the water sector; (ii) increasing climate change related impacts and natural disaster related costs; (iii) finite donor funding available for the sector; (iv) growing regional and country water stress; and (v) dire need to rehabilitate and replace old infrastructure; (vi) ongoing institutional reforms in the water sector requiring funding and expertize. No reliable estimates exist for Tajikistan in terms of the costs of achieving water goals and with a new SDG Water Goal, given its depth, and its links to other goals, it is difficult to conclude whether Tajikistan will be able to meet this ambitious target. One thing is clear, a thorough cost estimate and detailed inventory of water assets, broadly defined, will need to be undertaken in order to establish the financing requirements (including costs of reforms, monitoring, infrastructure development, etc.) and to identify funding sources. This is also required with regard to the ambitious targets set in the NDS in terms of access to water and ensuring human livelihoods, as well as for food and energy security – both of which require substantial water inputs. 97 UN WATER 98 National Stakeholder consultations on Water, Global Water Partnership., May 2013 CHAPTER - 5 96 The Mid-term Development Program of Tajikistan (2016-2020) outlines improved access to water supply and sanitation as one of the key areas for human development and health improvement and includes the following priority areas: strengthening the institutional framework to better manage water supply/sanitation; adoption of bylaws with clear roles and responsibilities and coordination in the sub-sector; operational strengthening of the sub-sector through improving information systems, tariff system, capacity building and attraction of investments; adoption of the package of actions to support international cooperation in this sub-sector (including rain collection, water desalination; water efficiency, sewage treatment, utilization and re-use) There is a range of other policy documents that impact the sub-sector’s performance and operations. Specifically, Water Code (2000), Law of Sanitary and Epidemiological Security (2002), Law on Ecological Expertize (2003); Law on Drinking Water and Water Supply (2010); Law on State Enterprises (2004); Law on Natural Monopolies (2007); Housing Code (1999) and Law on Architecture, City Building and Urbanization (2008). In addition, a number of regulatory documents (regulations) have a direct impact on the subsector, specifically an Order of Accounting/tracking in drinking water; order on connection to engineering networks and communal maintenance; water use instructions (registration and licensing) for special water use; and technical standards in water. The Water Sector Development Strategy 99 (2006) and Drinking Water Supply Improvement Program (2008-2020) are the two key program documents that outline specifically sub-sector’s objectives and outcomes. There is no specific program document for sanitation and/or detailed analysis/needs assessment covering this sub-sector. The main outcomes (indicators/goals) of the program (that is also linked to later documents specifically Midterm Development Strategy include (i) improved access of rural population to safe drinking water; and (ii) total coverage of population with drinking water. Key objectives of the program are presented in Figure 5.1.1 Figure 5.1.1 Drinking Water improvement program: key objectives Improve Infrastructure 1. Construction of local water supply infrastructure in rural areas 2. Project-based rehabilitation, reconstruction and expansion on existing central water supply networks in cities and towns Improve Operational Effectiveness and quality control 1. Reduce water loss from the water supply networks (in cities) and houses 2. Introduce effective mater metering 3. Increase water safety according to state standards Improve governance and regulatory framework 1. Reform water supply services and tariff policy to improve governance 2. Protection of the sanitary zones with water resources and main water supply infrastructure 3. Develop the Law of Drinking Water and Water supply 4. Develop state water standards Strengthening capacity in the water sector and awareness 1. Training of specialists (technical and management) 2. Increase awareness among population regarding water use and hygiene 3. Setting up a unified specialized National group of specialists to implement state policy in water supply. Source: Tajikistan- Drinking Water Improvement Program 99 Water Sector Development Strategy CHAPTER - 5 97 Key quantitative indicators related to program implementation and key expected outcomes is summarized in the table 5.1.2 below. Table 5.1. 2. Key water related performance indicators Performance indicator Starting indicator Target indicator 2015 2020 Midterm development program Rural drinking water access Total Coverage 60% 59.6% 65% 62.4% 2007 2020 Drinking water supply improvement program Rural water access Rural sanitation access 20% 5% 51% 65% Total costs US$ TJ somoni ~ US$ 1 billion (av. Exchange rate 3.08) ~ 3.32 billion somoni (state budget: 15% Local budgets: 10% Own resources: KMK: 5% Donors: 70%) Total expected coverage Rural: 6.3 million people Urban: 1.4 million people Source: Mid-terms development program; drinking water supply improvement program The governance system in water and sanitation sub-sector has been continuously changing since independence in terms of policy and regulation aspects, while the operational side has been more stable since 2001 (but with continuous internal reorganization) with the reorganization of Tajikcommunservice currently is SUE KMK (Housing and Communal authority). As of December 31, 2011, SUE KMK (Open joint stock company) has been identified as an authorized state body undertaking drinking water supply services and sanitation in urban and rural areas. All property owned by KMK belongs to the state and the relationship between the state and SUE OJSC KMK is governed by the contract. In turn, KMK signs contacts with “local” water utilities and in fact charges 8% for the services to local Vodokanals (i.e. representing utilities’ interest in the government, forecasts, capital investment etc.). There are however, also 7 non-KMK water utilities, mainly in biggest cities (Dushanbe, Khujand and cities where local authorities are managing (and budgeting) for water utilities (i.e. Nurek, Rogun). Detailed organizational structure of KMK is presented in section 3.3.4. Simplified structure of all agencies (stakeholders) involved in drinking water supply is given below in figure 5.1.2 CHAPTER - 5 98 Source: Authors based on official documents Fi gu re 5 .1 .2 T aj ik is ta n : O ve ra ll d ri n ki n g w at e r/ sa n it at io n s u b se ct o r in st it u ti o n al st ru ct u re CHAPTER - 5 99 Donors, both multilateral and bilateral, as well as international and local NGOs and humanitarian organizations have been instrumental in supporting drinking water/sanitation sector, especially since early 2000. Through multiple projects aimed at policies, technical assistance, investment projects, capacity building and research. A list of the most active donors is presented below. Source: based on annual Foreign Aid reports of Aid Coordination Unit 5.2. S UBSECTOR PERFORMANCE Tajikistan is well positioned to face drinking water availability through 2030 but steps need to be taken to adequately manage water supply for the economy. At present, around 64 km 3 of water is being formed in Tajikistan (multiyear average) which accounts for slightly over 55% of all water flow to the Aral Sea. Another 46 km 3 of water is contained in all lakes with roughly half – fresh water. As water upstream country, another source of drinking water – glaciers - contain 845 km 3 of water that account to around 60% of all water in Tajikistan (over 11,000 km 3 ). Tajikistan uses around 17-20% of the water being formed on its territory. Over the last 30 years, Tajikistan has been using on average between 17-20% of water i.e. between 8-15 km 3 of water a year. Water and land stress is quite evident in Tajikistan. In 1991, Tajikistan enjoyed around 12,000 m 3 of water resources and 0.13 ha of irrigated land per capita; by 2015 these indicators have been steadily on the decline. Water resources per capita reduced by over 35% to slightly over 7700 m 3 and irrigated land per capita reduced 30% to 0.09 ha 100 , largely drive by rapid demographic growth, and reduced agriculture mainly driven by labor out migration. Climate change and environmental challenges become more and more pronounced in Tajikistan given increasing number of environment-related disasters, partly driven also by lack of due monitoring and preventative actions. Water demand over the next 20 years will be largely driven by the increase in domestic demand (population growth) and agriculture. Overall consumption of water has shown slight growth but with clear downward trends for industry. Similar to other countries, drinking water and sanitation account for only a small percentage of water use. i.e. less than 5% of the total water use or around 400 million m3. Worth highlighting that water use by population has been growing at a modest 100 Tajikistan’s Water sector reform program International Financial and Multilateral Institutions • World Bank • Asian Development Bank • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development •Islamic Developmen Bank • European Commission & EU •OSCE Bilaterial Donors •Swiss Cooperation Agency • JICA • USAID •GIZ •DFID UN agencies •UNDP •UNICEF •WHO •WFP •FAO •UNOCHA •UN Women International organizations (NGOs) • Agha Khan Fondation • Eurasia •ACTED •CARITAS •Mission East •Mercy Corp •IFRC •MSDSP •CESVI •Save the Children •Helvetas •International Secretariat for Water •Habitat for Humanity •Oxfam CHAPTER - 5 100 rate and currently stand at around 100 million m 3 a year. At the same time, the share of industry has been on the decline and more than halved during 1990-2015, dropping from 600 to 300 million m 3 a year due to reduced economic/industrial activity and closing down of enterprises. 5.2.1. A CCESS TO W ATER Access to safe drinking water remains an issue for Tajikistan. While the overall access has been steadily improving, only roughly 2/3 of the population has access to drinking water (57.5%) figure 5.2.1. A number of large scale drinking water supply projects have been under implementation during the last 10 years primarily focusing on urban cities and rehabilitation (vs. new networks) that enabled to reach a respectable coverage of 87% in urban areas. Still, around 300 thousand urban dwellers have no access to drinking water, primarily given lack of new water infrastructure for sprawling cities. Access to water in towns is around 60% and is getting increasing attention from the government and the donor community as this segment, along with rural water supply, has received little attention in the last 10 years apart from targeted programs aiming at communities with the most acute water supply issues 101 . Figure 5.2.1. Tajikistan Access to water by source 2010 2015 Source: KMK Access and coverage in rural areas is a special concern. Well under half of rural population has access to drinking water, 44%, that translates to whopping 3.5 million people without access to drinking water. Trucked water, individual water wells and rivers remain the main source of water in the rural areas 102 . Access to sanitation exhibits the same trend with rural areas having virtually no access to centralized sanitation. While sanitation coverage in urban areas stands at around 80%, situation in towns is far from ideal with less than 1 in 5 people with access to sanitation; and virtually no access to sanitation in rural areas (0.2%). 101 Tajikistan’s Water sector reform program 102 World Bank, Poverty diagnostics in Drinking water and sanitation, preliminary conclusions (ppts) Water pipes 50% Boreholes without distribution networks 2% Springs 10% Wells 1% Rivers and sai 6% The channels, ditches, pools 19% Delivered water 4% Rainwater 2% Hand pumps 6% CHAPTER - 5 101 5.2.2. O PERATIONS Overall drinking water supply, especially in urban areas and within KMK system has been growing significantly. Driven by multimillion dollar donor/Government projects in Dushanbe and Khujand, overall water supply has been increasing by over ¼ (an average of 28% a year) during 2012-2014 and surpassed a 86 million m3 a year by 2014 (figure 5.2.1) as per official statistics from the KMK. The volume of water billed has also been on the rise. The total volume of water billed (volume of water sold) within KMK system has also followed overall water production trends. Over the last 3 years, this volume grew on average by 25% annually and reached 67 million m 3 a year with 2014 exhibiting the largest growth of over 50% in a single year (from 44.5 million m 3 to over 67 million m 3 ) driven by improved metering and billing within KMK system. Water losses have increased and continue to be a major challenge for the drinking water supply. Against the impressive improvement in absolute numbers related to water availability (i.e. production and water sales), water losses remain high. In absolute and relative terms, the situation with water losses has become even more acute. Within the KMK system, water losses more than tripled during 2011-2014 and grew every year since 2011 from just under 6 million m3 a year in 2011 to over 19 million m 3 a year in 2014 despite efforts to improve both physical infrastructure, monitoring and metering (figure 5.2.1). In relative terms, water losses have increased from 14% of the total volume of water produced in 2011 to 22% in 2014 and peaking at almost a third of all water lost in 2013. Figure 5.2.1 Tajikistan: Water production, sales and loses (2011-2014) Source: Sultanov, Energy and Environment Program, Water supply and sanitation, phase 2 report Urban water loss remains more pronounced that of rural despite infrastructure improvements- a natural observation given that rural areas have lesser access to the centralized drinking water supply. In fact, over 60% of water is lost in urban water supply networks versus only 20% in rural. This is not surprising given the state of water supply infrastructure in urban and rural areas. Only around 68% of all water supply networks in cities and towns is operational, 25% is not operational and 7% is partially operational. In rural areas, about 40% of water supply infrastructure is operation, 44 % is partially operational and 16% is not operational (Figure. 5.2.2) CHAPTER - 5 102 Figure 5.2.2. Tajikistan – state of drinking water supply infrastructure (urban vs rural 2014, %) Source: KMK Existing water tariffs do not allow KMK to cover Operational and Maintenance (O&M) costs. Similar to other countries in transition, the water tariff in Tajikistan is a very sensitive issue. Overall, the water tariff is a product of negotiations between the water utility and the anti-monopoly agency, ultimately approved by the Government. While the water utility can manoeuvre within 10% 103 of rate in cases where the cost of water delivery significantly exceeds the established tariff, in reality this flexibility is not exercised. The water utility undertakes economic analysis of the water supply cost to support increasing tariffs and submits its proposals to the government every two years. Tariffs have been increasing but remain below the cost-recovery level. The government understands the need to increase tariffs and has been increasing tariffs quite substantially over the last 10 years (Table 5.2.1). While capacity to pay is often cited as the main reason for the slow increase in rates given political sensitivities and poverty considerations, it is also noted that the population is willing to pay for the service provided it is of good quality and coverage is adequate. From interviews with the water users, the World Bank notes that it is not the cost of water but the service that is the main concern when it comes to willingness to pay 104 . Prior to the initial wave of tariff reductions in 2010, overall tariffs for public sector, individual consumers and industry has been the same. Since 2010, water tariffs have changed almost every year apart from 2012 and 2015. Over the last decade, water tariffs have increased the most for industry, almost by a factor of 12, followed by public sector (x7). Water rates for the population increased the least, by a factor of 3.5. In US$ equivalents, water tariffs have also increased in the last 10 years, by over 300% from 0.07 cents to 0.22 cents, although it is worth mentioning that actual effective rate in US$ has decreased by ¼ (26%) from 0.29 cents to 0.22 cents given substantial exchange rate depreciation of somoni versus the dollar putting additional pressure on financial sustainability of the water utility. 103 Decree of the Government #514 from 02.12.2016 on Improving of supply of clean drinking water to population of Tajikistan 2007-2020 104 World Bank, Poverty diagnostics in Drinking water and sanitation, preliminary conclusions (ppts) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Operational Partly operational Non-operational Urban Rural Download 0.75 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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