Органик кимё фанидан Ўқув-услубий мажмуа
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- α-oksimoy aldegid β- oksimoy aldegid 2-oksibutanal 3-oksibutanal
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Xossalari. Glioksil kislota aldegidlar va kislotalar uchun xos bo‘lgan reaksiyalarga kirisha oladi. Uning kaliyli tuzi ishqor ishtirokida Kanitssaro reaksiyasiga kirisha oladi: CHO
COOK 2 KOH COOK COOK
+ CH 2 OH COOK
CHO COOK
2 KOH
COOK COOK
+ CH 2 OH COOK
Pirouzum kislota sulfat kislota ishtirokida qizdirilganda sirka aldegid va SO 2 ga parchalanadi: CH 3 – CO – COOH CH 3 – CHO + CO 2 H
SO 4 CH 3 – CO – COOH CH 3 – CHO + CO 2 H 2 SO 4
Atsetosirka kislota va uning tuzlari beqaror birikmalar bo‘lib qizdirilganda oson parchalanadi: CH 3 – CO – CH 2 COOH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO
2 CH 3 – CO – CH 2 COOH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO
2
Atsetosirka kislota va uning tuzlarining beqarorligi sababi karbonil va karboksil guruhlar ta’sirida o‘ta tutashishning vujudga kelishi va -bog‘larining zaiflashuvi hisoblanadi, ya’ni CH 3
O O H H CH 3 – C – C – C – H O O O O H H
Atsetosirka kislotaning etil efiri organik sintezda muxim rol o‘ynaydi. Atsetosirka efiri – 181 0 C da qaynaydigan yoqimli xidga ega bo‘lgan suyuqlik. Uni diketenga etil spirti ta’sir ettirib yoki etilatsetatdan olish mumkin: CH 2 = C – CH 2 – C = O + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 COCH 2 C O OC 2 H 5 O CH 2 = C – CH
2 – C = O + C 2 H
OH CH 3 COCH 2 C O O OC 2 H 5 O 2CH
3 COOC
2 H 5 + C 2 H 5 ONa CH 3
2 – C
+ C 2 H 5 OH O OC 2 H 5 2CH
3 COOC
2 H 5 + C 2 H 5 ONa CH 3
2 – C
+ C 2 H 5 OH O O OC 2 H 5
Bu reaksiyaning mexanizmini quyidagicha ta’savvur etish mumkin. Natriy etilat ta’sirida etilatsetat metallorganik kompleksni hosil qiladi: CH 3
+ C 2 H 5 ONa
O OC 2 H 5 CH 2 – C – OC
2 H 5 + C 2 H 5 OH - .. Na + O CH 3 – C + C
2 H 5 ONa O OC 2 H 5 O O OC 2 H 5 CH 2 – C – OC 2 H 5 + C 2 H 5 OH - .. Na + O O
396
Bu kompleks bir molekula etilatsetatni biriktirib oladi: CH 2 – C – OC 2 H 5 + C = O
- .. Na + O CH 3 OC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH – C – OC 2 H 5 - Na + O OC 2 H 5 O H I CH 2 – C – OC 2 H 5 + C = O -
Na +
O CH 3 OC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH – C – OC 2 H 5 - Na + O OC 2 H 5 O O H I
I kompleksdagi karboksil ta’sirida protonlashgan vodorod va yarim atsetaldagi efir qoldig‘i etil spirti hosil qilib ajralib chiqadi: I
CH 3 – C = CH – C – OC 2 H 5 - Na + O O C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C – OC 2 H 5 O O -C 2 H 5 ONa I
CH 3 – C = CH – C – OC 2 H 5 - Na + O O O C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – C – CH
2 – C – OC
2 H 5 O O O O -C 2 H 5 ONa Atsetosirka efiri keto-enol tautomeriyaga uchray oladi: CH 3
2 – C
CH 3 – C = CH – C O OC 2 H 5 O OC 2 H 5 O OH CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C
CH 3 – C = CH – C O O OC 2 H 5 O O OC 2 H 5 O O OH
keton shakli
enol shakli Erituvchi sifatida geksan ishlatilganda enol shakli 46,4 % ni tashkil etadi. Keton va enol shakllarini bir-biridan ajratib olish mumkin. Atsetosirka efirning enol shakli keton shakliga qaraganda beqaror. Atsetosirka efiri kimyoviy reaksiyalarga keton va enol shakllarida reaksiyaga kirisha oladi. 1) aktiv vodorod bilan qaytarish: CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – CH – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 [H] OH OH CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – CH – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 [H] OH OH OH OH
2) sinil kislotaning birikishi: CH 3
2 – COOC
2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 HCN O CN OH CH 3 – C – CH 2 – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 HCN O CN OH
3) atsetosirka efirga fenilgidrazin bilan ta’sir ettirilganda metilfenilpirazolon hosil bo‘ladi: CH 3 – C – CH 2 – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C
O N – N – H + H
N – NH – C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 O OC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C = O + C 2 H 5 OH N N – C 6 H
CH 3 – C – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C
O N – N – H + H
N – NH – C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 O OC 2 H 5 O O OC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C = O + C 2 H 5 OH N N – C 6 H
Enol shaklidagi reaksiyalari: 1. Piridin eritmasida atsetillash: CH 3
2 H 5 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + HCl CH 3 COCl Py OH OCOCH 3 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H
CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + HCl CH 3 COCl Py CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H
CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + HCl CH 3 COCl Py OH OCOCH 3
2. PCl
5 ta’siri: CH 3
2 H 5 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + POCl 3
+ HCl PCl
5 OH Cl CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + POCl 3
+ HCl PCl
5 OH Cl 3. Natriy atsetosirka efirini hosil bo‘lishi: 397
CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 +2Na OH ONa
CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 +2Na OH ONa
Atsetosirka efiri -keton kislota efiri sifatida ishqor ta’sirida C–C bog‘lanishdan parchalanadi: CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOC 2 H 5 H 2 O б CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO 2 + C
2 H 5 OH 2CH
3 COOH + C 2 H
OH a CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOC
2 H 5 H 2 O б CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO 2 + C
2 H 5 OH 2CH
3 COOH + C 2 H
OH CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOC 2 H 5 H 2 O б CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO 2 + C
2 H 5 OH CH 3 – CO – CH 2 – COOH + C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 – CO – CH 3 + CO 2 + C
2 H 5 OH 2CH
3 COOH + C 2 H
OH a
Suyultirilgan ishqorlar keton ajratib (a) parchalaydi, konsentrlagan ishqorlar ishtirokida kislota (b) ajratib parchalaydi. Atsetosirka efirining organik sintezda ishlatilishi. Atsetosirka efiri organik sintezda turli birikmalar – ketonlar, kislotlar, diketonlar, ikki asosli kislotalar olishda katta ahamiyatga ega. Quyida atsetosirka kislotadan foydalanib olinadigan maxsulotlarga misollar keltiramiz. Metil propil keton yoki moy kislotani sintez qilish: CH 3
2 COOC
2 H 5 CH 3 C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa
C 2 H 5 Br CH 3 COCHCOOC
2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa
CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 + C 2 H 5 OH + Na 2 CO 3 NaOH
NaOH I II CH 3 COONa + C 2 H 5 OH + CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COONa CH 3 COCH 2 COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa
C 2 H 5 Br C 2 H 5 Br CH 3 COCHCOOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa ONa CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 + C 2 H 5 OH + Na 2 CO
NaOH NaOH
I II CH 3 COONa + C 2 H
OH + CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COONa
Diketonlar yoki ikki asosli kislotalarni sintez qilish: CH 3 COCH 2 COOC
2 H 5 CH 3 C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa
ONa BrCH
2 – CH
2 Br CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H 5 I II CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COCH
3 HOOCCH
2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH
CH 3 COCH 2 COOC
2 H 5 CH 3 C = CH – COOC 2 H 5 C 2 H 5 ONa
ONa ONa
BrCH 2 – CH 2 Br BrCH 2 – CH
2 Br CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 – CO – CH – COOC 2 H
I II CH 3 COCH
2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COCH
3 HOOCCH
2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH
OKSIALDEGIDLAR VA OKSIKETONLAR Tuzilishida bir vaqtning o‘zida gidroksil va karbonil guruhlari bo‘lgan birikmalar oksialdegidlar va oksiketonlar deyiladi. Gidroksil va karbonil guruhlarning o‘zaro xolatlariga qarab, ular -, -, - va x.k. oksialdegid va oksiketonlarga bo‘linadilar: C H 3
2 – C H – C H O O H C H
3 – C H – C H 2 – C H O
O H C H
3 – C H
2 – C H – C H O O H C H
3 – C H – C H 2 – C H O
O H
2-oksibutanal 3-oksibutanal Oksialdegid va oksiketonlar ko‘p atomli spirtlarni oksidlab, galogen saqlovchi aldegid va ketonlarni gidrolizlab, aldol kondensatlanish orqali va boshqa usullar bilan olinishi mumkin: 1. Ko‘p atomli spirtlarni oksidlanganda oksialdegid va oksiketonlarning aralashmasi hosil bo‘lishi mumkin, maslan:
398
СH 2 OH СHOH СH 2 OH CH 2 – CH – CHO OH OH CH 2 – C – CH 2 O OH OH СH 2 OH СHOH
СH 2 OH CH 2 – CH – CHO OH OH CH 2 – CH – CHO OH OH
2 – C – CH
2 O OH OH
2-modda dioksiatseton 2. Aldol kondensatlanish yordamida -oksialdegid va oksiketonlarni hosil qilish mumkin: 2CH
3 CHO
CH 3 – CH – CH 2 - CHO
OH – OH 2CH 3 CHO CH 3 – CH – CH 2 - CHO
OH – OH Oksialdegid va oksiketonlar aldegid, keton va spirtlarning xossalarini namoyon qilish bilan birgalikda, ular uchun bir qator o‘ziga xos hususiyatlar ham mavjuddir: 1)
- va γ-oksialdegidtsiklik yarim atsetallarni hosil qiladilar: CH 2 – C O HO H C – CH
2 OH O H + OH CH 2 – CH O CH – CH
2 O HO CH 2 – C O HO H C – CH 2 OH O H + OH CH 2 – CH O CH – CH 2 O HO CH 2 – C O HO H C – CH 2 OH O H + CH 2 – C O HO H C – CH 2 OH O H + OH CH 2 – CH O CH – CH 2 O HO OH CH 2 – CH O CH – CH 2 O HO CH 2 – CH O CH – CH
2 O HO 2,5-dioksi-1,4-dioksan CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 C = O
OH H CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 C – OH
O CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 C = O
OH H CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 C – OH
O
2) -oksialdegid va -oksiketonlar qizdirilganda suvni yo‘qotib to‘yinmagan aldegid va ketonlarni hosil qiladilar: CH 3 – CH – CH 2 - CHO -H 2 O OH CH 3 – CH = CH - CHO CH 3 – CH – CH 2 - CHO -H 2 O OH CH 3 – CH = CH - CHO
3) -oksialdegid va -oksiketonlar uch malekula fenilgidrazin bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, ozozonlarni hosil qiladilar: CH 2
2 N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH -H 2 O CH 2 – CH – CH = N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH фенил гидразин 2H 2 N – NH – C 6 H 5 CH 2 – C – CH = N – NH – C 6 H 5 + NH 3
+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + H 2 O OH N – NH – C 6 H
CH 2 – CH – CHO + H 2 N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH -H 2 O CH 2 – CH – CH = N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH фенил гидразин 2H 2 N – NH – C 6 H 5 CH 2 – C – CH = N – NH – C 6 H 5 + NH 3
+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + H 2 O OH N – NH – C 6 H
CH 2 – CH – CHO + H 2 N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH -H 2 O CH 2 – CH – CH = N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH CH 2 – CH – CHO + H 2 N – NH – C 6 H 5 OH OH OH OH OH -H 2 O CH 2 – CH – CH = N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH CH 2 – CH – CH = N – NH – C 6 H
OH OH OH OH OH фенил гидразин 2H 2 N – NH – C 6 H 5 CH 2 – C – CH = N – NH – C 6 H 5 + NH 3
+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + H 2 O OH N – NH – C 6 H
2H 2 N – NH – C 6 H 5 CH 2 – C – CH = N – NH – C 6 H 5 + NH 3
+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + H 2 O OH N – NH – C 6 H
CH 2 – C – CH = N – NH – C 6 H 5 + NH 3
+ C 6 H 5 NH 2 + H 2 O OH N – NH – C 6 H
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