Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Saudi Med J. 2009 Dec;30(12):1542-6. Is there a Relationship between Body Mass Index and
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- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
- Saudi
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- SUBJECTS AND METHODS
- CONCLUSIONS
- Impact of Obesity on Fetomaternal Outcome in Pregnant Saudi Females.
- Abstract BACKGROUND
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Saudi Med J. 2009 Dec;30(12):1542-6. Is there a Relationship between Body Mass Index and Serum Vitamin D Levels? Al-Elq AH, Sadat-Ali M, Al-Turki HA, Al-Mulhim FA, Al-Ali AK. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, and King Fahd Hospital of University, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
mass index (BMI) among Saudi Arabian citizens. METHODS: Four hundred healthy individuals aged > or =25 years (200 males and 200 females) were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were recruited in the period between 1st February 2008 and 31st May 2008 from the medical staff and employees of King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from patients attending the endocrinology, orthopedic, and infertility clinics at the same hospital. Clinical evaluation was carried out, and BMI was calculated. Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), in addition to serum parathyroid hormone levels and calcium chemistry were measured for all subjects.
15.9 years for females (p=0.01). Mean BMI was similar in both genders, and the difference in the level of serum 25OHD just reached sta s cal significance (p=0.04). Male subjects with vitamin D deficiency were found to be older (p=0.03), and with higher BMI (p=0.01) compared to males with normal 25OHD. Although female subjects with hypovitaminosis D were also older than subjects with normal vitamin D level (p=0.01), BMI was significantly lower in females with vitamin D deficiency (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Obese males are at higher risk of having low 25OHD levels, while obesity in females appears to be protective against vitamin D deficiency in the population studied. We believe that obese male and thin female patients should be appropriately investigated, and treated for vitamin D deficiency.
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Ann Saudi Med. 2009 Nov-Dec;29(6):437-45. Performance of Body Mass Index in Predicting Diabetes and Hypertension in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Almajwal AM, Al-Baghli NA, Batterham MJ, Williams PG, Al-Turki KA, Al- Ghamdi AJ. School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. aalmejwal@hotmail.com
used measure to define obesity and predict its complications, such as diabetes and hypertension, but its accuracy and usefulness in Saudi subjects is unknown. This study aimed to assess the validity of standard BMI cut- point values in the Saudi population.
study to detect diabetes and hypertension in the Saudi Eastern province in 2004/2005, with blood pressure, fas ng blood sugar, height and weight measurements taken. Sensitivities, specificities, areas under the curves, predictive values, likelihood ratios, false positive, false negatives and total misclassification ratios were calculated for various BMI values determined from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The significance of the association between risk factors and BMI was assessed using regression analysis.
optimal BMI cut-offs of 28.50 to 29.50 in men and 30.50 to 31.50 in women, but the levels of sensitivity and specificity were too low to be of clinical value and the overall misclassification was unacceptably high across all the selected BMI values (>0.80). The rela onship between BMI and the presence of diabetes and/or hypertension was not improved when a BMI of 25 was used. Using regression analyses, the odds ratios for hypertension and/or diabetes increased significantly from BMI values as low as 21-23 with no improvement in the diagnostic performance of BMI at these cutoffs. CONCLUSION: In Saudi population, there is an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension rela ve to BMI, star ng at a BMI as low as 21 but overall there is no cutoff BMI level with high predictive value for the development of these chronic diseases, including the WHO definition of obesity at BMI of 30.
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Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Oct;107(1):54-7. Epub 2009 Jul 3. Effect of Body Mass Index on Clinical Manifestations in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Tamimi W, Siddiqui IA, Tamim H, AlEisa N, Adham M. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a correlation between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure or clinical features such as hirsutism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
allocated to one of 3 groups according to a BMI range defining normal weight, overweight, or obesity. Blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, Ferriman and Gallwey hirsutism score, and presence of acne were recorded for each participant and the means were compared among groups.
systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 113.02+/-16.10 mm Hg and 71.79+/- 10.04 mm Hg; waist-to-hip ra o, 0.82+/-0.07; and hirsu sm score, 3.63+/- 4.35. Acne was present in 24 par cipants. Of these, 8 (33.3%) were overweight and 13 (54.2%) obese. When groups were compared, a progressive and significant increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed from the normal weight to the obese group.
between BMI and both blood pressure and clinical features in women with PCOS.
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Ann Saudi Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;29(5):357-60. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Group of Obese Saudi Children and Adolescents: A Hospital-Based Study. Taha D, Ahmed O, bin Sadiq B. Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia. dtaha@kfshrc.edu.sa Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We assessed the distribution of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in a group of obese Saudi children and adolescents. No previous studies had addressed this issue in the Saudi pediatric population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pa ents evaluated for obesity between 2004 and 2008 and collected data on age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), BP, fasting lipid profile, fasting glucose, insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance based on the homeostasis assessment model-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score. Obesity was defined as a BMI above the 95th percen le for age and gender and metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to standard criteria. RESULTS: We studied 57 obese Saudi children and adolescents with a mean (standard devia on) age of 9.8 (3.5) years. Mean weight and body mass index (BMI) were 63.7 (28.3) kg and 31.6 (8.0) kg/m(2) , respec vely. Systolic BP was elevated in 24 (42%) of the 57 subjects. Of the 39 children who had a lipid profile in their records, 10 had hypertriglyceridemia, 8 had hypercholesterolemia, 6 had elevated LDL cholesterol levels, and 6 had low HDL cholesterol levels. Impaired fasting glucose was found in 10 of 38 pa ents in which it was measured, and 9 of 25 pa ents had fas ng hyperinsulinemia. Eleven of 37 pa ents (29.7%) met the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Diastolic BP correlated posi vely with BMI (r=0.440, P =.001), and HDL cholesterol correlated negatively with weight and BMI (r=- 0.487, P =.002 and r=-0.317, P =.05). HOMA-IR correlated positively with BMI and triglyceride levels and negatively with HDL cholesterol levels.
factors associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Saudi Med J. 2009 Sep;30(9):1123-32. Adipokines and Etiopathology of Metabolic Disorders. Al-Dokhi LM. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. laila282@hotmail.com Abstract White adipose tissue is an endocrine organ producing numerous proteins known as adipokines, which include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, and other factors, which are involved in most metabolic disorders. In obesity, plasma leptin concentrations are high due to leptin resistance that may result from the attenuation of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Leptin acts to inhibit appetite, stimulate thermogenesis, enhance fatty acid oxidation, decrease glucose, and reduce body weight, and fat. A reduced adiponectin level has been associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, and its low level is a predictor of later development of type 2 diabetes. Resis n expression is low in adipose ssue and high in bone marrow and lungs, its role in glucose homeostasis remains controversial, it has been associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Visfatin is a secretory protein highly enriched in visceral adipocytes, liver, muscle, and lymphocytes. An increase of visfatin levels in obesity was related to preservation of insulin sensitivity, it enhances glucose uptake by adipocytes and inhibits hepatocyte glucose release, it induces tyrosine phosphorylation, and interacts with insulin receptors. Many studies are still being conducted to highlight the role of adipokines in metabolic disorders.
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Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2009 Jul;3(2):133-42. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Qassim University Personnel in Saudi Arabia. Barrimah IE, Mohaimeed AR, Midhat F, Al-Shobili HA. Departments of Family & Community Medicine and.
Qassim university personnel in Saudi Arabia using the definition proposed by NCEP ATPIII.
different ages and careers. 560 individuals par cipated in this study with a response rate of 85%. For all par cipants, the data collected were sociodemographic characteristics, past history or receiving medication for diabetes or hypertension, smoking habits, physical activity, and measurements necessary to identify metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 31.4%. The prevalence was found to show a steady increase with increasing age, BMI and serum cholesterol. General obesity measured by BMI was the most common component associated with the syndrome where 75% of par cipants suffered from overweight and obesity. Participants with high-density lipoprotein below protec ve level cons tuted 73.6%, while those with total cholesterol and triglyceride above clinically normal level constituted 60.0% & 46.4% respec vely. Elevated fas ng plasma glucose and hypertension were the least common. After adjustment, factors found to be associated with metabolic syndrome were being a Saudi national, smoking, not doing regular exercise, being obese having total serum cholesterol above 180 mg/dl, and age groups above 40 years. CONCLUSION: Almost a third of the university personnel have metabolic syndrome and therefore they are at higher risk for both cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Similar studies are required among a wider range of subjects to assess the scope of the problem in Saudi Arabia.
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Obes Facts. 2009;2(4):217-20. Epub 2009 Jul 9. Prevalence of Obesity in a Saudi Obstetric Population. El-Gilany AH, El-Wehady A. Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. ahgilany@gmail.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and its determinants during the first month of gestation in Saudi women. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of measured BMI in Al-Hassa, the largest province in Saudi Arabia, in 2007. Data were collected from records of 791 (72.6% of 1,089) pregnant women registered for prenatal care.
skewed posi vely (skewness of 0.77). The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m(2)) were 8.5, 39.3, 23.6, 23.9, and 4.7%, respec vely. Logis c regression revealed that the most important significant independent predictors of obesity are parity of 4 and more (odds ra o (OR) = 5.8) and urban residence (OR = 4.9).
(>52%) among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Health educa on to control body weight before pregnancy is warranted.
Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2009 Jul;3(2):187-95. Impact of Obesity on Fetomaternal Outcome in Pregnant Saudi Females. Meher-Un-Nisa, Aslam M, Ahmed SR, Rajab M, Kattea L. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Qassim University, College of Medicine, Buraida, Saudi Arabia. Abstract BACKGROUND: Obesity is rapidly increasing in most populations of the world including Saudi community. Maternal obesity adversely impacts pregnancy outcome through increased rates of hypertensive disease, diabetes, cesarean section and infections. 511
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine frequency of obesity and its adverse effects on reproductive outcome in pregnant Saudi females. METHODS: Prospec ve Cohort study. Eight months (Nov 2008 to June 2009), Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) Buraida, Saudi Arabia Sample included a group of 1000 randomly recruited pregnant Saudi females. Patients were admitted through Outpatient and Emergency Departments. Height was recorded once and weight twice; at the beginning (prepregnancy weight) and end of pregnancy. The difference between the two weights was taken as net weight gain in pregnancy. Prepregnancy weight was used to calculate Body mass index (BMI) using formula; Weight in Kg/Height in (m). 2 The sample was divided into 5 groups depending upon their BMI ;< 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-39.9 &>40, classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese & morbidly obese respectively. The normal weight group was used as control group. Data were collected regarding complications of obesity in pregnancy and labor and recorded on a Performa. Results were calculated by using computer programme SPSS Version 13 for windows. A p-value of< 0.05 is used to calculate statistical significance.
calculated to be 2% (lean), 31% (normal weight), 33%(overweight), 30%(obese) and 4%(morbidly obese). Compared with normal weight women, both overweight and obese women had a significantly increased risk (p-value-<0.05) for gesta onal diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and delivery of a macrocosmic infant. CONCLUSION: Overweight & obesity is a growing problem in pregnant Saudi females associated with increased risks of fetomaternal complications like preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, and delivery of a macrocosmic infant.
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Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jun 23;8:33. Combined Effects of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Contribute to Increased Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women. Alokail MS , Al-Daghri NM , Al-Attas OS , Hussain T . Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. msalokail@yahoo.com
factors for breast cancer development. Combined effect of these metabolic abnormalities on breast cancer risk however, has not been examined in premenopausal women. We tested this associa on in type 2 diabe c women, categorized as obese, overweight and normal body weight groups based on BMI. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 101 subjects were included in this study. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, C reactive protein, leptin, TGF-alpha, adiponectin and insulin were measured by ELISA. Data were logarithmically transformed for variables not normally distributed. Analysis of variance with post-hoc Bonferroni was applied to compare the data between the groups. Simple and partial correlation coefficients between the variables were determined and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationships between the variables of interest.
significantly decreased levels of adiponectin were found in obese group, while the levels of TNF-alpha and TGF-alpha were unaltered. A positive correlation between waist circumference and IL-6 was found in obese group. Similarly, C reactive protein, waist and hip circumferences were linearly correlated with BMI in obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed several significant predictors for breast cancer risk.
CONCLUSION: Obesity and type 2 diabetes, owing to their effects on adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators, contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. This study emphasizes healthy life style and better management of these metabolic disorders to avoid the pathogenesis of breast cancer and of other chronic diseases.
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Nutrition & Dietetics, June 2009, 66(2);94–100. Current Dietetic Practices of Obesity Management in Saudi Arabia and Comparison with Australian Practices and Best Practice Criteria Ali ALMAJWAL, Peter WILLIAMS, Marijka BATTERHAM, Almajwal, MSc (Nutr/Diet), PhD, Candidate P. Williams, PhD, FDAA, Associate Professor M. Batterham, PhD, AdvAPD, Senior Lecturer. Abstract Aim: To describe the dietetic practices of the treatment of obesity in Saudi Arabia and compare this with best practice criteria and the practice in Australia.
Arabia. The topics included barriers to obesity management, demand and level of service and strategies and approaches used for weight management. Best practice scores were based on those used to assess Australian dietitians.
ans par cipated in the survey. Of these, 175 (69%) were involved in the management of obesity. The best prac ce score for Australian dietitians was slightly greater than the scores of Saudi die ans (median 43 vs 39). There was also a significant correla on between the best prac ce score and years of experience (r = 0.26, P < 0.001). The most common assessment approaches were assessment of body mass index (87%) and exercise habits (81%), while the most common strategies for obesity management were: dietary total fat reduc on (92%) and increase incidental daily ac vity (92%). The major barrier for establishment of a weight management clinic reported by 49% of participants was inadequate resources.
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