S. o r I f j o n o V elektromagnitizm
B ir jin sli m aydonga x o s m asalalar
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- N u q taviy zaryad m aydonidagi h arak at.
- E n ergiya, im p uls, im puls m om en tin in g saqlanish qonunlari
- K ichik zarralar tin im siz issiq lik h arak atida boMadi.
- 11.3-m asalaga. 1 1 .3 .
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- 0 ‘ZGARMAS TOK QONUNLARI 1 2 - § . E le k tr to k i
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B ir jin sli m aydonga x o s m asalalar. B ir jin sli m a y d o n d a z a ry a d li z a rra g a d o im iy k u c h t a ’sir e ta d i, z a ry a d n in g h a ra k a ti Y e rn in g g r a v ita ts io n m a y d o n id a g i jis m h a r a k a tig a o ‘x s h a y d i. M a y d o n y o ‘n a lis h id a z a ry a d te k is te z la n u v c h a n h a r a k a tla n s a , m a y d o n y o ‘n alish ig a tik y o 'n a lis h d a tek is h a ra k a tla n a d i. N u q taviy zaryad m aydonidagi h arak at. Z a ry a d li z a r ra la rn in g t a ’sirla sh u v i a s tr o n o m ik jis m la r n in g t a ’sirla s h u v ig a o ‘x s h a y d i. B u n d a y h a r a k a t u c h u n K e p le r q o n u n la ri o ‘rin li b o ‘lad i. E n ergiya, im p uls, im puls m om en tin in g saqlanish qonunlari — h a r a k a t q o n u n ig a m u ro ja a t e tm a s d a n b ir q a to r m a s a la la rn i h a l q ilish im k o n in i b e ra d i. K ichik zarralar tin im siz issiq lik h arak atida boMadi. T e b r a n is h la r b u n d a y h a r a k a tn in g b ir s h a k lid ir. Q u y id a te b ra n is h a rg a d o ir m a s a la la r h a m k e ltirilg a n . 1 1 .1 . Q aysi h o ld a za ry a d li z a rra e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h c h iz iq la ri b o ‘y lab h a r a k a tla n a d i? Yechim . Z a r r a n in g k o o rd in a ta s i, te z lig i va te z la n is h i f , 9 , w boM sin. H a r a k a t te n g la m a s i: mw = q E s h a k lg a ega. D iffe re n s ia l te n g la m a n i b ir m a r ta in te g ra lla sa k : m 9 = qE t + 5b. B u n a tija d a n k o ‘ra m iz k i, z a rra n in g bo sh lan g M ch tezlig i ^ m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n lig i Ё g a p a ra lle l y o k i a n tip a r a lle l boM gan h o lla rd a n a tija v iy te z lik 9 h a m Ё g a p a r a l e l b o ‘lad i. J u m la d a n , b o sh lang M ch te z lik n o l boM ganida h a m z a rra b ir jin s li m a y d o n b o 'y la b h a ra k a tla n a d i. M a y d o n b ir jin s li boM m asa, z a rra m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i y o 'n a - lish id a n c h e tla sh a d i. Z a r ra m a n fiy za ry ad li b o 'ls a , k u ch m a y d o n g a n is b a ta n te sk a ri y o ‘n a la d i. 11.2. E le k tro n b iijin s li Ё e le k tr m a y d o n g a ( E = 2 0 0 V /m ) p a ra lle l ra v ish d a b o shlangM ch I0 7m / s te z lik b ila n k irg an . E le k tro n b u m a y d o n d a q a n c h a v aq t h a ra k a tla n a d i? B u n d a q a n d a y m a s o fa g a b o rib y e tish i m u m k in ? B u m a s a la n i y e c h is h d a o ‘q u v c h i e le k tr o n n in g z a ry a d i m a n fiy e k a n lig ig a e ’tib o r b e ris h i k e ra k , n a tija d a t a ’s ir e tu v c h i k u c h m a y d o n y o ‘n alishiga teskari y o ‘naladi. E lek tro n n in g harak ati tik yu q o rig a o tilg a n jis m n in g h a ra k a tig a o ‘x sh a y d i. Е > а _о k 30" — - j Л i . ► 11.2- masalaga. 11.3-m asalaga. 1 1 .3 . E le k tro n 2sm q a lin lik d a g i b i r jin s li e le k tr m a y d o n g a ( E = 250 V /m ) b o s h la n g ‘ic h 9 = К Ў т / s te z lik b ila n k irg a n . E le k tr o n tezlig i m a y d o n k u c h c h iz iq la ri b ila n 30° b u r c h a k h o s il q ilg a n . E le k tro n m a y d o n d a n c h iq q a n id a y o 'n a li s h i va te z lig i q a n d a y b o ‘lgan? E le k tro n n in g b o s h la n g ‘ic h te z lig i ,9 = 106m / s b o 'l s a , y e c h im q a n d a y b o 'la d i? B u m a sa la n i y e c h a y o tg a n o ‘q u v c h i e le k tr o n m a y d o n n in g q ay si c h e g a ra s id a n c h iq is h in i h a m ta h lil q ilis h i k e ra k . 1 1 .4 . M a s s a s i m , z a r y a d i q > 0 b o ‘lg a n z a r r a c h a d o r a li q q a e g a b o ‘lg a n y a s s i k o n d e n s a t o r h a j m ig a k o n d e n s a t o r m u s b a t s irtin in g y o n id a n u c h ib k irm o q d a . K o n d e n s a to rd a g i m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i E. Z a r r a n in g te z lig i 9 k o n d e n s a to r sirti b ila n d a s tla b a b u rc h a k k a eg a b o ‘lsa, u n in g oxirgi b u rc h a g i va tezligi n im a g a te n g ? 1 1 .5 . P r o to n va a z a r r a k o n d e n s a to r h a jm ig a m a y d o n g a tik ra v is h d a b ir xil te z lik b ila n u c h ib k ir m o q d a . U la r n in g tra y e k to - riy a la rin in g t o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq d a n c h e tla s h is h i n e c h a m a r ta f a r q q ila d i? 1 1 .6 . R ra d iu sli ikki o ‘tk a z g ic h li sfe ra b ir-b irig a te g ib tu rg a n d a h a r b iri Q z a ry a d b ila n z a r y a d la n g a n v a b ir - b ir i b ila n ita ris h ib u z o q la s h a b o s h la g a n . X a r b irin in g m a s s a s i m , m a rk a z la ri o ra sid a g i m a s o fa L b o ‘lsa, u la r n in g te z lik la ri q a n d a y b o ‘lg a n ? Qp- P « 1 1 .7 . H a r b irin in g z a ry a d i Q va ra d iu si R boM gan ikki sfe ra m arkazlari orasidagi m asofa / ga teng. M in im al tezligi q a n d a y boMgan e le k tro n b ir sfe ra n in g s irtid a n ch iq ib , ik k in c h i sferag a b o rib y etish i m u m k in ? 1 1 .8 . Q a n d a y p o te n sia lla r farq id a te z la sh g a n ele k tro n ra sm d a g i tra y e k to riy a b o 'y la b h a r a k a tla n is h i m u m k in ? S ilin d rik k o n d e n - s a to rd a g i p o te n s ia lla r farq i V0. 1 1 .9 . E le k tro n o ‘z yoM ida b a la n d lig i boM gan p o te n s ia l t o ‘- s iq d a n o £ta d i va m oM jalga 9 0 tezlik b ila n yetib k elad i. A g ar e le k tro n o ‘rn ig a p o z itr o n u c h s a , yoMga k e tg a n v aq t va n a tija v iy te z lik o ‘z g a ra d im i? 1 1 .1 0 . E le k tr d ip o l oM cham i /, ikki z a ry a d n in g q iy m a tla ri ±q, m a s s a la ri m ga te n g . D ip o l E k u c h la n is h li e le k tr m a y d o n d a te b ra n m o q d a . A g ar d ip o l m a y d o n g a tik boM ganda tezligi n o l b o 'ls a , m a y d o n b o ‘ylab y o ‘n a lg a n d a b u rc h a k tezligi v a za ry ad larn in g chiziqli tezligi n im a g a teng? 1 1 .1 1 . A w a l g i m a s a la d a g i d ip o ln in g k ic h ik t e b r a n i s h l a r c h a s to ta s i n im a g a teng? 1 1 .1 2 . M a te m a tik m a y a tn ik < 7 z a ry a d g a eg a boM sa, g o riz o n ta l e le k tr m a y d o n d a te b ra n is h d av ri q a n d a y boM adi? E le k tr m a y d o n v e rtik a l b o ‘y la b y o 'n a l g a n d a d a v r q a n d a y b o M ad i? M a y d o n g o r iz o n t b ila n b u rc h a k ta s h k il e ts a c h i? 1 1 .1 3 . Э0 te z lik k a eg a boM gan e le k tr o n la r u z o q m a s o f a d a n R ra d iu sli v a С issiq lik sigM mli o ‘tk a z g ic h s h a rg a k elib tu s h m o q d a . D a stla b z a ry a d s iz s h a m in g p o te n s ia li g a y e tg a n d a te m p e r a tu ra s i q a n c h a g a o rta d i? 1 1 .1 4 . Ikki e le k tro n r m a s o fa d a n b o sh la b u z o q la s h a b o sh la g a n boMsa, \ r m a s o fa d a q a n d a y tezlik k a ega boM adi? 1 1 .1 5 . T o m o n la ri / boM gan k v a d ra tn in g u c h la r id a t o ‘rtta e le k tr o n boM gan. U la r b o ‘s h a tib y u b o rilsa q a n d a y te z lik k a e ris h a d i? 1 1 .1 6 . T o m o n la ri /boM gan m u n ta z a m u c h b u rc h a k n in g u c h la rid a u c h ta elek tro n boMgan. U la r b o ‘sh atib y ub orilsa q a n d a y tezlikka e rish a d i? 1 1 .1 7 . T o m o n la ri /boM gan k v a d ra tn in g u c h la r id a ikki p r o to n va ikki p o z itr o n boM gan, p r o to n la r k v a d ra tn in g q a r a m a - q a r s h i u c h la r id a jo y la s h g a n . U la r b o ‘s h a tib y u b o rilsa q a n d a y te z lik k a it a 1 1 . 2 1 - m a s a l a g a . 1 1 . 8 - m a s a l a g a . e rish a d i? P ro to n n in g m assasi p o z itr o n n in g m a ssa sid a n 1840 m a rta o rtiq . 1 1 .1 8 . U z o q m aso fa d an 9, va &2 tezlik k a ega b o ‘lg an e le k tro n la r b ir c h iz iq b o ‘ylab b ir biriga y a q in la s h m o q d a . U la r q a n d a y m a s o fa - g a c h a y a q in la s h ish i m u m k in ? 1 1 .1 9 . d m a s o fa d a tu rg a n ik k i e le k tr o n n in g h a r b iri 9 tezlik k a eg a boMib, b ir b irig a b u rc h a k o s tid a y a q in la s h m o q d a . A g a r u la rn in g d a s tla b k i te z lik la ri u la m i b ir la s h tir u v c h i c h iz iq b ila n a o ‘tk ir b u r c h a k ta sh k il q ilg a n b o ‘lsa, u la r q a n d a y m in im a l m a s o fa g a y a q in la s h a o la d i? (G a lile y a lm a s h tir is h la r i m a s a la n i y e c h is h g a y o rd a m b e ra d i.) 1 1 .2 0 . A w a lg i m a sa la d a e le k tro n la rd a n biri d astlab tin c h tu rg a n b o ‘lsin . E le k tro n la r y a n a / m a s o fa d a b o ‘lib q o lg a n d a u la r n in g te z lik la ri o ra sid a g i b u rc h a k q a n d a y boM adi? 1 1 .2 1 . q z a ry a d li ik k ita b ir xil z a r r a d a stla b k i / m a s o f a d a n y a q in la s h m o q d a . U la rn in g te z lik la ri w v a 9 b ir te k is lik d a y o ta d i va u la m i b ir la s h tir u v c h i c h iz iq b ila n a v a f) b u r c h a k h o s il q ila d i. Z a r ra la r /-m in im a l m aso fag a y a q in la s h g a n boMsa, z a rra la m in g m a s - s a s in i a n iq la n g . 1 1 .2 2 . Z e za ry ad li o g ‘ir y a d r o a tro fid a r r a d iu s li a y la n m a o rb ita b o ‘y lab b ir e le k tr o n h a r a k a tla n m o q d a . Q a n d a y m in im a l e n e rg iy a e le k tr o n n i y a d r o d a n u z ib o lish i m u m k in ? 1 1 .2 3 . P o z itr o n iy — e le k tro n va p o z itr o n n in g o ‘z a ro to r tis h ib a y la n is h id a n h o sil boM adigan k o m p le k sd ir. P o z itro n iy n in g a y la n ish im p u ls m o m e n ti h boM sa, u n d a g i to k k u c h i n im a g a te n g ? P o z i t ro n iy n in g b o g M a n ish e n e rg iy a s i n im a g a te n g ? P o z i t r o n i y n in g d ia m e tri n im a g a te n g ? 1 1 .2 4 . Z a ry a d ia ri q a r a m a - q a r s h i boM gan /я v a M m assali ikki z a rra b ir-b iri b ila n to rtis h ib a y la n m o q d a . m m assali z a rra n in g tezlig i n e c h a m a rta o s h irils a , z a rra la r b ir b irid a n b u tu n la y u z o q - la sh ib k e tish i m u m k in ? 11 .2 5 . B ir k arra io n la sh g a n v o d o ro d m olek u lasi Щ ikki p ro to n va u la rn i b irla s h tiru v c h i c h iz iq a tro f id a a y la n u v c h i e le k tr o n d a n ib o ra t. P ro to n la r o ra sid a g i m a s o fa R, e le k tro n n in g a y la n ish im p u ls m o m e n ti h boMsa, u n in g a y la n is h ra d iu si, tezlig i va to k k u c h in i to p in g . 1 1 .2 6 . T in c h tu rg a n p ro to n g a q a ra b u z o q d a n tezlig i ,9 boM gan b o s h q a p r o to n k e lm o q d a . B oshlangM ch tezlik chizigM ti n c h tu rg a n p ro to n d a n p c h e tla s h is h g a ega boMsa, u la rn in g o ra sid a g i e n g k ic h ik m a so fa n i to p in g . 1 1 .2 7 . O raligM / boM gan ik k i z a r y a d li z a r r a q o 'y i b y u b o rils a , /0 v a q t ic h id a u la r n in g o ra s id a g i m a s o fa ik k i m a r t a o rtg a n . U l a r n i 3 / m a s o f a d a n q o 'y i b y u b o r ils a , m a s o f a q a n c h a v a q td a ik k i m a r ta o rta d i? 1 1 .2 8 . q z a ry a d va m m a ssa li z a rra k a tta m a s o fa d a n Q z a ry a d b ila n tek is z a ry a d la n g a n R ra d iu s va M m assali m a h k a m la n m a g a n sfe ra to m o n h a r a k a tla n m o q d a . Z a rra k ic h ik te s h ik la r o rq a li sfera m a rk a z id a n o ‘tib k e tish i u c h u n u n in g en g k ic h ik tezlig i q a n d a y boM ishi k erak ? Z a r y a d la r ish o ra si b ir xil. 11.29. q zaryad va m m assali zarra 50 tezlik bilan k atta m aso fa d an Q za ry ad b ila n tek is z a ry a d la n g a n R ra d iu s va M m assali m a h k a m la n m a g a n h alq a o ‘qi b o ‘ylab halq ag a y a q in lash m o q d a. H a lq a dastlab tin c h tu rg a n boMsa, z a rra u n in g m a rk a z id a n o 'ta y o t g a n d a tezlig i q a n d a y boM gan? Z a r y a d la r ish o ra s i b ir xil. 1 1 .3 0 . U c h ta ў z a ry a d va m m assali s h a r c h a u zu n lig i / boMgan ip la r b ila n u c h b u r c h a k s h a k lid a bogM angan. Ip la r d a n b iri u z ib y u b o rilsa , s h a r c h a la r n in g en g k a tta tezlig i q a n d a y boM adi? q 1 1 . 3 1 . U c h ta m m a s s a li q z a r y a d li ~ s h a r c h a l a r i k k i t a v a z n s i z / u z u n - 9' ^ ' " ' ' 4 - " ' ' ' ’’ 0' lik d a g i i p la r b i la n b i r l a s h t i r i l g a n . s is - 4 t e m a n i n g t e b r a n i s h l a r c h a s t o t a s i n i j х м и с 11.3 2-masalaga. 11.33-masalaga. 1 1 .3 2 . М m assa va R radiusli m a h k a m la n m a g a n dielek trik sfera ic h id a ik k ita m m a s s a va q za ry a d li s h a r c h a b ir - b ir id a n / m a s o fa d a tu rib ti. S h a r c h a la r b o ‘s h a tib y u b o rilsa , sfe ra e ris h a d ig a n m a k s im a l te z lig in i to p in g . 1 1 .3 3 . K o n u s s h a k lid a g i H o 'l c h a m l i c h u q u m in g u c h id a g i b u rc h ag i a ga te n g (rasm g a q aran g ). C h u q u m in g sirtid a n h m aso fa d a q z a ry a d v a m m a ssa li ikki s h a r c h a ip b ila n bogM angan h o ld a tin c h tu rib d i. Ip u z ib y u b o rilsa, s h a rc h a la r c h u q u r d a n q a n c h a b a la n d lik k a u c h ib c h iq is h i m u m k in ? Is h q a la n is h n i h is o b g a o lm a n g . 1 1 .3 4 . Ik k ita < 7 z a ry a d e rk in h o la td a g i u z u n lig i / 0 b o ‘lgan p ru jin a b ila n b irla s h tirilg a n v a te b r a n m o q d a . T e b r a n is h p a y tid a p r u jin a u z u n lig i /, d a n l2 g a c h a o ‘z g a ra y o tg a n b o ‘lsa, u n in g b ik irlik k o effit- s iy e n tin i to p in g . 1 1 .3 5 . m m assali va Q za ry ad li sfe ra p o rtla b , k o ‘p te n g b o ‘lak - larga boM inib k e tg a n . B o ‘la k la rn in g d a s tla b k i te z lik la ri ra d iu s b o ‘y- la b y o ‘n a lg a n v a 90 g a te n g . B o ‘la k Ia rn in g e r is h a d ig a n m a k s im a l tezligini to p in g . 1 1 .3 6 . E rk in e le k tro n g a / = 0 v a q td a n b o s h la b E = £ 0sin(a>0 e le k tr m a y d o n t a ’s ir e tm o q d a . E le k tro n n in g m a k s im a l va o 'r ta c h a te z lig in i to p in g . 1 1 .3 7 . L a z e r n u rid a g i erk in e le k tr o n la r q a n d a y en e rg iy ali b o ‘- lish i m u m k in ? N u r n in g c h a s to ta s i 3 -1 0 15/5 , e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h lan g a n lig i a m p litu d a s i 1011 V /m . • E le m e n ta r zaryad: e = 1.6 • 10 l9C • Yopiq sistem a uchun zaryadning saqlanish qonuni: dq / dt + I = 0 . M u h im fo r m u la la r • Tok zichligi: j = р и . • Uzluksizlik tenglamasi: + div j = 0 ct • K ulon qonunining skalyar shakli: F = к Щ - . г • E lektr doim iylar orasidagi m unosabatlar: к = 1/4л2г0, e0pQ = l / c 2 • K ulon qonunining vektor shakli ( r n u q tad a tu rg an q zaryadga ta ’sir etuvchi kuch): k Q - ( r - r a ) f ~ 71 \r - rQ\ • T a’sir etuvchi Q zaryad koordinata boshida tursa, ifoda soddalashadi: ғ , Q f F = k —^ q . r • N uqtaviy zaryadlar sistem asining r nuqtadagi m aydon k u chlan ganligi: - —13 '■ \r - r‘\ • K oordinata boshida turgan zaryadning maydon kuchlanganligi: E = k Q r / r 3 • S uperpozitsiyaprinsipi: F = £ Қ , Ё = £ E t , / i • Uzluksiz zaryadlarning m aydon kuchlanganligi: Ё{г) = к \ р (Г~ Г W 1 l \ r - r f • Yassi sirtning m aydon kuchlanganligi: E± = kc£l. • M aydon potensialining ta ’rifi: E d i = -dcp . • E lektr m aydon bajargan ish: A = -q&cp • Kuchlanganlik va potensial orasidagi bog‘lanish: r dcp c _ dcp p _ dcp • E le k tro sta tik m a y d o n n in g y o p iq chiziq b o ‘y ic h a u yu rm asi: / • Elektrostatik m aydon uyurm asi: rot Ё = 0. • Bir jinsli elektr m aydon: Ё = IE, • Potensial u ch u n Puasson tenglam asi: Дcp = £E0 • N uqtaviy zaryadlar sisternasining potensiali: = ■ V r‘\ , r p d V ' • Uzluksiz zaryadlar hosil qilgan potensial: J _ ,|- • E lektrostatik m aydondagi nuqtaviy zaryad u ch u n energiyaning . . . m 9 2 saqlanish qonuni: — + q = const. • E lektr dipol m om enti: p = ql • D ipolning m aydon kuchlanganligi va potensiali: E = ^-yJ 1 + 3cos20 cos# r r • D ipolning elektr m aydondagi energiyasi: W = - р Ё • D ipolga ta ’sir etuvchi kuch: F = grad{j>E^. • D ipolga ta ’sir etuvchi kuch m om enti: M = -p E s in d • K uch m o m entining vek to r shakli: M = p x Ё • E lektr m aydondagi dipol teb ran ishlarini ifodalovchi tenglam a: j d 2e J — — = -p E s \n d d t2 • Elektr induksiya va kuchlanganlik orasidagi bog‘lanish: D = ее0Ё . • M uhitdagi m aydon: D = е0Ё + P • G auss teorem asi: ф D d S = Q , divD = p. s • 0 ‘tkazgich sirtidagi m aydon: D = a • Tekis zaryadlangan silindr m aydoni: D(r) = a R / r , E(r) = A /£ £ 0) ln(/] / / 2 ) - • Tekis zaryadlangan tekislik m aydoni: D = u / 2 , E = cr / 2 ee 0 . • E lektr sig‘im ining t a ’rifi: q = Ccp • Yakkalangan sfera sig‘imi: С = 4 . • Yassi kond en sato r sig‘imi: С = ££05 / d • Yassi k o n d en sa to r energiyasi: W = — - = - У — = — . 2 2 2С • Yassi kondensatordagi m aydon: U = Ed, D = a. • E lektr m aydon energiyasining zichligi: a 2 _ D2 ED _ eeq E 2 2 ee0 2 eeq 2 2 • Ikki m uhit chegarasidagi m aydonlar u chun bog'lanishlar: А л = n + cr, E u = E 2t. • 0 ‘tkazgich sirtidagi m aydon uchun bogManish: A n = A r = A t = А л = a - 0 ‘ZGARMAS TOK QONUNLARI 1 2 - § . E le k tr to k i A w a lg i b o b (e le k tro s ta tik a ) q o ‘z g ‘a lm a s z a ry a d la rn in g m a y d o n in i o ‘rganishga b a g ‘ishlangandi. Bu b o b d a zary ad larn in g h a ra k a ti b ila n bogM iq ja r a y o n la m i o 'r g a n a m iz . Z ary ad li z a rra la m in g tartib li h a ra k a ti — e le k tr to k i d eb a ta la d i. T o k k u c h i e le k tr to k in in g aso siy x a ra k te ris tik a s id ir. T o k s o ‘zi rus tilid a n k irib k e lg a n boM ib, o q im m a ’n o s ig a eg a. B iz ta b ia td a g i s u v n in g , h a v o n in g o q im i ( s h a m o l)n i k u z a ta m iz . Z a ry a d li z a r r a la m in g o q im i k o ‘z g a k o 'r in m a s a h a m , o ‘z in in g issiqlik, m a g n it va k o ‘p la b b o s h q a t a ’s irla ri b ila n n a m o y o n b o i a d i . Q o ‘z g ‘a lm a s z a ry a d la rg a n is b a ta n h a ra k a td a g i z a ry a d la rn in g x o ssalari m u ra k k a b v a q iz iq a rlid ir. U la r n i o ‘rg a n ib , in s o n ta la b la r ig a b o ‘y in s in d iris h - f a n n in g a so siy m a q s a d id ir . Z a m o n a v iy te x n ik a d a g i e le k tr n in g b e h is o b qo M lan ish lari a y n a n e le k tr to k i b ila n b o g ‘liq. Z a ry a d li z a r r a la r n e y tra l z a r ra la r b ila n b ir q a to rd a tin im s iz issiqlik h a ra k a tid a b o ‘ladi. B u n d a y h a ra k a tn i fiz ik a n in g m o le k u ly a r fiz ik a boM im ida b a ta fsil o ‘rg a n ilg a n . Z a r r a la r n in g te z lik la ri tu rli - tu m a n b o M ish id a n ta s h q a r i, u la rn in g y o ‘n a lis h la ri h a m ta s o d ifiy b o ‘lad i, v a b u n d a y z a rra la rd a n tu z ilg a n m a k ro s k o p ik jis m u m u m a n o lg an d a q o ‘zg ‘a lm a s boMadi. B izn i za ry ad li z a rra la m in g h a ra k a ti q iz iq tira d i, d e m a k bogM an g a n z a ry a d la r n in g ( n e y tr a l a to m va m o le k u la la rn i ta sh k il e tu v c h i z a r r a la m in g ) h a r a k a t i n i q a r a m a y m iz . J is m la r d a g i ilg a r ila n m a h a r a k a tla n is h q o b iliy a tig a ega boM gan z a r r a la r — o ‘tk a z u v c h a n lik z a r r a la r ig in a e le k tr to k la r ig a h is s a q o 's h i s h i m u m k in . Q a tt i q jis m la rd a g i io n la r k ris ta ll p a n ja ra g a b o g M ang an boM gani u c h u n ele k tr to k la rig a h is sa q o 's h m a y d i. E le k tr m a y d o n la rin i o ‘rg a n g a n d a o ‘tk a z g ic h la rn in g ic h k i h a jm i n e y tra l b o M ish in i, e le k tr m a y d o n - la rn i fa q a t o ‘tk a z g ic h s irtid a g i z a ry a d la r h o s il q ilish in i o ‘rg a n g a n ed ik . E le k tr to k la rig a o ‘tk a z g ic h la rn in g h a jm id a g i e rk in z a ry a d la r h a m h issa q o ‘s h a d i, q o ‘s h g a n d a h a m aso siy h issa n i q o ‘s h a d i. M a s s a v a te z lik k o ‘p a y tm a s i — im p u ls d e b a ta la d i, v a b u tu s h u n c h a m e x a n ik a d a m u h im a h a m iy a tg a ega. E le k tr ja ra y o n la rd a z a ry a d v a u n in g te z lig in in g k o ‘p a y tm a s i h a m s h u n d a y m u h im d ir . B irlik h a jm d a g i z a ry a d la rn in g h a ra k a tin i x a ra k te rlo v c h i to k zich lig i tu s h u n c h a s in i q u y id a g ic h a ifo d a la y m iz : Y igM ndida fa q a t e rk in z a rra la r h iso b g a o lin a d i. E rk in z a rra la r h a m m u h itd a g i b a r c h a z a rra la r k ab i b e ta rtib issiqlik h a r a k a tid a boM gani u c h u n o d a t d a j = 0 boM adi. B iro n ta sh q i t a ’sir tu fa y li ta r tib li h a r a k a tg a k e lg a n z a r r a la r u c h u n g i n a n o ld a n fa rq li to k z ic h lig i v u ju d g a k elad i. Z a r y a d la r n in g ta r tib li h a r a k a t in i n g , y a ’n i e le k tr to k in in g aso siy s a b a b c h is i — e le k tr m a y d o n id ir. E le k tr m a y d o n id a m u s b a t z a rra la r m a y d o n b o 'y la b , m a n fiy z a r r a la r — m a y d o n g a q a rs h i y o ‘n a lish d a h a ra k a tla n a d i, g& k o ‘p a y tm a esa m u sb at z a rra la r u c h u n h a m , m a n f iy z a r r a la r u c h u n h a m b ir xil y o ‘n a lis h g a e le k tr m a y d o n y o ‘n a lis h ig a eg a b o ‘la d i. S h u n in g u c h u n e le k tr to k in in g y o ‘n a lis h i d e b m u s b a t za r y a d la r n in g h a r a k a t y o ‘n a lish i q a b u l q ilin g a n . M o le k u ly a r fiz ik a d a n b ir m o l m o d d a d a g i z a rra la r so n i N a = 6 .0 2 -1 0 23g a te n g lig in i b ila m iz . Z a r r a la r so n i b u n d a y k a tta b o ‘lg a n d a (1 2 .1 ) kabi yig ‘in d ila rn i a m a ld a h iso b la sh n in g iloji y o ‘q. T o k z ic h lig in i b irlik h a jm d a g i z a r y a d la r m iq d o ri — z a r y a d la r z ic h lig i p v a u la rn in g tartibli h a ra k a tin in g o 'r ta c h a tezligi й =< 9 > y o rd a m id a t a ’rifla n a d i. T o k k a h iss a q o 's h a d ig a n z a ry a d li z a rra la r tu ri k o ‘p b o ‘lm a y d i. M a s a la n , e r itm a la r d a 2 -3 tu rd a g i io n la r boMsa, m e ta lla rd a fa q a t e rk in e le k tr o n la r b o ‘la d i. S h u n in g u c h u n to k z ic h lig i b i r n e c h a h a d la r y ig ‘in d isi ta rz id a y o zilad i: M e ta ll o ‘tk a z g ic h la r o ‘rg a n ilg a n d a to k z ic h lig i b itta h a d d a n ib o ra t boM adi: (12.1) J = Р\Щ + P2U2 +•■■ (1 2 .2 ) T o k z ic h lig in in g b irlig i C / m 2s = A / m 2 b o ‘lib, v a q t b irlig id a o ‘z ig a tik b irlik y u z a d a n o 'ta y o t g a n z a ry a d la r m iq d o r in i, y a ’ni b irlik y u z a g a t o ‘g ‘ri k e la d ig a n to k k u c h in i b ild ir a d i. B ir o n S y u z a d a n o ‘ta y o tg a n e le k tr to k i I to k k u c h i b ila n x a r a k te rla n a d i: 1 = Download 48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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