S. o r I f j o n o V elektromagnitizm
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- 9 - § . E le k t r s i g ‘im . K o n d e n s a to r la r . E le k t r m a y d o n e n e r g iy a s i
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- 1 0 - § . Ik k i m u h it c h e g a r a s id a e le k t r m a y d o n in in g s in is h i
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5 sirtning ichidagi toMiq massa, G — g ravitatsion doim iy. M inu s ishora - gravitatsion m aydon doim tortishish xarakteriga egaligidan kelib chiqadi. G auss teorem asid an foydalanib M m assa va R radiusli bir jinsli sayyora gravitatsion g m ay d o n in i u n in g hajm idagi va tashqarisidagi n u q ta la r uchun hisoblang. 9 - § . E le k t r s i g ‘im . K o n d e n s a to r la r . E le k t r m a y d o n e n e r g iy a s i J is m la rd a g i z a ry a d b ila n u la rn in g p o te n s ia li o ra s id a c h iz iq li b o g ‘la n is h o 'r in li: q = Cq>. (9.1) B u b o g ‘la n ish d a g i С k o effitsiy en t jis m n in g e le k tr sigMmi d eb atala d i. U n in g b irlig i [C\ = C / V = F (F arad a). (9.2) V = J / C boM gani u c h u n , sigMm b irlig in i C 2/ J d e b y o z is h h a m m u m k in . F a r a d a j u d a k a tta sigMm b o ‘lg a n i u c h u n , a m a ld a p F , nF, m k F b irlik la r k o ‘p q o 'Ila n ila d i. L ek in h o zirg i z a m o n d a k F sigMmga e g a b o ‘lg an k o n d e n s a to r la r h a m y a ra tilg a n . P o te n sia li boM gan jis m g a dq za ry a d n i y a q in la sh tirib , d astlab k i ish b a ja rish ( С 2 z a ry a d g a q o 's h is h u c h u n d W = (pdq = cpCdcp = d —— V / z a ru r. D e m a k p o te n s ia li cp boM gan jis m n in g e n e rg iy a si w = 9 ? L № 2) 2 2 2С g a teng ekan. B u en ergiya jis m atrofidagi elek tr m a y d o n energiyasidir. Y a k k a la n g a n s h a r (sfera) sigM m ini a n a litik ifo d a la sh m u m k in . B u n in g u c h u n (8 .8 ) te n g lik n i o ‘z g a rtirib k o ‘ch ira y lik : Q = 4n £ E 0 R (9.3) Y a k k a la n g a n s fe ra n in g (s h a m in g ) sigMmi: С = 4 7t££QR. (9 .4 ) Jism sigMmi u n in g oM cham lari v a shak liga, atrofid ag i jism la rn in g jo y la sh ish ig a , x u llas jis m atro fid a g i e le k tr m a y d o n q a n d a y s h a ro itd a m a v j u d b o ‘ l i s h i g a b o g M iq . Q u y id a g i ta jr ib a s ig ‘im n in g b u x o ss a sin i ta s d iq la y d i. E le k tr o s k o p n i z a ry a d la y lik , u n in g s tre lk a s i o g ‘ib, z a ry a d la r m i q d o r i n i b a h o l a s h im k o n in i b e r a d i. S im o rq a li y erg a (suv q u - v u r i g a ) u l a n g a n o ‘t k a z g i c h n i e le k t r o s k o p t a s h q i e le k tr o d ig a y a q in la sh tira m iz . M a so fa k a m a y - g an i sari ele k tro sk o p strelk asin in g p asa y ish in i k u z a ta m iz (9 .1 -ra s m ). T a jrib a n i tu s h u n tira y lik . s tre lk a n in g o g ‘ish i e le k tr o s k o p n in g p astk i q ism id a g i z a ry a d la r m iq d o ri b ila n b o g 'liq . A sb o b d a g i z a ry a d m u s b a t b o ‘ls in . E le k tro s k o p n in g y u q o rid a g i e le k tr o d ig a ta s h q i jis m n in g y a q in la s h is h i tufayli tash q i jis m d a m a n fiy z a ry a d y ig ‘ilad i, m u s b a t z a r y a d la r u n g a to rtilib , e le k tr o s k o p n in g y u q o ri q is m ig a y ig 'ila d i, e l e k tr o s k o p n in g p a s tk i q is m id a g i z a r y a d l a r m i q d o r i k a m a y ib , e l e k t r o s k o p s t r e l k a s i n i n g o g ‘i s h i h a m k a m a y a d i . B o s h q a c h a a y tg a n d a , ta jrib a ja r a y o n id a e le k tr o s k o p n in g ta s h q i o ‘t k a z g i c h n i n g y a q i n la s h u v i u n i n g y u q o r i q i s m i n i n g e l e k t r s ig 'im in i o r ttir ib , u ta ra fd a g i z a ry a d la r m iq d o ri k o 'p a y d i. T a jrib a e le k tr sig ‘im n i o rttiris h g a y o 'lla n m a b e ra d i. B ir 0 ‘tk a z - g ic h s i g ‘im in i o r ttir is h u c h u n u n g a ik k in c h i, y e rg a u la n g a n o ‘tk a z g ic h n i ilo ji b o ric h a y a q in la s h tiris h kerak . Yas.si k o n d e n s a to r tu z ilish i a n a s h u ta v siy ag a aso sla n g a n . Y assi k o n d e n s a to r ikki yassi m e ta ll p la s tin k a d a n ib o r a t b o ‘lib , u la r h a v o y o k i d ie le k trik b ila n a jra tila d i. P la s tin k a la r s irti S n in g o r t is h i, u l a r n in g o r a lig ‘i d n in g k a m a y is h i s ig ‘im n i o r t t i r a d i . K o n d e n s a to r q o p la m a la r i to k m a n b a in in g tu rli q u tb la rig a u la n a d i. N a tija d a k o n d e n s a to r q o p la m a la rid a turli ish o rali z a ry a d la r y ig ‘iladi. K o n d e n s a to r s ig ‘im in i (9 .1 ) fo r m u la b ila n b a h o la s h u c h u n , u n g a ikki p la stin k a o ra sid a g i p o te n sia lla r farqi q o 'lla n ila d i, z a ry a d o ‘m id a p la s tin k a la r n in g b irid a g i z a ry a d (z a ry a d n in g m o d u li) is h la tila d i. K o n d e n s a t o r m a y d o n in i o ‘r g a n is h u c h u n s i r t l a r c h e k s iz o 'lc h a m g a e g a d e y lik , u la rn in g e le k tr m a y d o n in i (8 .1 1 ) fo r m u la la r b ila n ifo d a la y lik : 9. l-rasm. M a y d o n p la s tin k a la r g a tik ra v is h d a , m u s b a t z a r y a d l a r u c h u n t a s h q a r i g a y o 'n a l g a n b o M a d i, i k k i n c h i , m a n f i y z a r y a d l a n g a n r>J. p la s tin k a u c h u n ic h k a r ig a — p la s - 9 . 2 - r a s m . t i n k a t o m o n y o 'n a l g a n b o M ad i (9 .2 - ra s m ) . S irtlard an b irin in g zaryadi q = a S , ik k in c h is in in g E — m a y d o n id a jo y la s h ib , s irtla r F - q E = cr2S / 2 ee 0 (9 .6 ) k u c h b ila n to r tis h a d i. B u k u c h m a s o fa g a bogM iq b o M m ag an i u c h u n , k o n d e n s a to r n in g e n e rg iy a s i H ^ z a ry a d la rn i ^ k u c h b ila n d m a s o fa g a a jr a tilg a n d a h o sil boM adi d e b h is o b la s h m u m k in : _2 W = Fd = — S d = w V (9 .7 ) 2 ££0 B u y e rd a V — k o n d e n s a to r n in g h a jm i, 2 2 £ £ q — e le k tr m a y d o n e n e rg iy a s in in g z ic h lig i. 9 .2 - r a s m d a n k o ‘rin ib tu rib d ik i, k o n d e n s a to r h a jm id a n ta s h - q a rid a s irtla m in g m a y d o n la ri o 'z a r o teskari y o ‘n aIg an boMib, toMiq m a y d o n n o lg a te n g , k o n d e n s a to r i c h id a e sa m a y d o n l a r n in g y o ‘n a lish la ri m o s k elib , u la r q o 's h ila d i: D = cr, E = D / ££0 = a / ££0. (9.9) K o n d e n s a to rd a g i p o te n s ia lla r fa rq i esa u m u m iy q o id a la r g a k o 'r a U = E d (9 .10) ga teng. E le k tr m a y d o n e n e rg iy a s in in g z ic h lig in i m a y d o n x a r a k te ristik a la ri o rq a li ifo d a la s h m u m k in : cr2 _ D 2 __ ED ££0E 2 E le k tr m a y d o n i k u c h la n g a n lik , in d u k s iy a , p o te n s ia l x a r a k te - r is tik a la r id a n ta s h q a r i e n e rg iy a z ic h lig i p a r a m e t r i b ila n h a m ta fs ifla n a r e k a n . E le k tr m a y d o n m o d d iy j is m la r kab i e n e rg iy a g a ega ekan. K o n d e n s a to r n in g t o ‘liq en e rg iy a si esa: W = ^ - S d = [-{ E d ) { D S ) = ^ - . (9.12) (9 .1 ) d a n fo y d a la n s a k , e n e rg iy a u c h u n b o s h q a ifo d a la r h a m k elib ch iq ad i: W = ^ L = — = £ - . (9.13) 2 2 2С E le k tr sigM mi d e b z a ry a d va k u c h la n is h o ra s id a g i k o e ffit- siyentga aytiladi. S h u n g a asosan yassi k o n d e n s a to r sigMmini to pam iz: С = q / U = a S / Ed. B u y e rd a a / E = D / E = ee ^ С = e e 0 S / d. (9.13) S h u n d a y q ilib y a s s i k o n d e n s a to r sigM m i, k o n d e s a to r d a g i e le k tr m a y d o n , k o n d e n s a to r e n e rg iy a s i, e l e k t r m a y d o n e n e r g iy a s in in g z ic h lig ig a d o ir m u h im f o r m u la la r q isq a va m a n tiq iy k e tm a - k e tlik d a k e ltirib c h iq a rila d i. E le k t r m a y d o n b o s im i. E n e r g i y a z i c h l i g i n i n g b i r l i g i J / m ’ = N / n ? = Pa — b o s i m b ir lig i b il a n m o s k e l a d i . Y a ss i k o n d e n sa to r m iso lid a en ergiy a zichligi va b o s im n in g ekvivalentligini ta h lil q ilay lik . (9 .6 ) fo rm u la g a m u v o fiq k o n d e n s a to r n in g z a ry a d li sirtig a t a ’sir e tu v c h i b o s im a 2 / Ieeq g a te n g . B u b o s im s irtn in g b ir y o n id a g i e n e rg iy a z ic h lig i w = o 2 / 2 e e {) ((9 .8 ) fo r m u la g a q a r a n g ) va b o s h q a y o n id a g i e n e rg iy a z ic h lig in in g ( n o lg a te n g ) a y irm a sig a te n g . B u fa rq a y n a n s irtd a g i z a r y a d la r h is o b ig a v u ju d g a k e la d i. E le k tr m a y d o n b o s im i h a q id a g i b ilim la r n i q u y id a g i m a s a la g a qoM laylik. M a sa la . R ra d iu sli o 'tk a z g ic h d a n y a sa lg a n sfera Q z a ry a d b ila n z a ry a d la n g a n . S fe ra n in g b irlik y uzasiga t a ’sir e tu v c h i b o s im to p ilsin . Yechim . S fe ra sitid a g i z a ry a d la r zich lig i a = Q / 4 n R 2 . sfe ra n in g h a jm id a g i e le k tr m a y d o n in d u k siy a s i D = 0 , s ir tid a e s a n u q ta v iy z a ry a d m a y d o n i k a b i m a y d o n h o sil boM adi: D = Q / A k R 2 = a. E le k tr m a y d o n b o sim i sirt ta sh q a ris id a g i en e rg iy a zich lig ig a te n g boMadi: 2££ q 2££ q 2 £ £ q 2 £ £ q B u b o s im z a r y a d n in g is h o ra s id a n qatM n a z a r sfera sirtin i tash q i tarafga y o ‘nalg an , bu b o s h q a sfe ran i y e m irib y u b o rish i h a m m u m k in . 9.3-rasm. K o n d e n s a t o r e l e k t r o te x n ik a d a v a ra d io te x n ik a d a ken g q o ‘llan ila d ig an elek tr a s b o b d ir. S igM m iga, m oM jallan g an k u c h la n is h ig a , ish s h a r o itig a q a ra b , y u z la b tu rd a g i k o n d e n s a to r la r is h la b c h iq a rila d i. D o im iy s i g ‘ im li k o n d e n s a t o r l a r d a n t a s h q a r i o 'z g a r u v c h a n s i g ‘im li k o n d e n s a to r la r h a m y a ra tilg a n . U la r n in g sigMmi fa q a t m e x a n ik t a r z d a e m a s , m a x s u s k o n d e n s a to r la r d a e le k tr t a ’s ir id a h a m o 'z g a rtiriU s h i m u m k in . T e le v iz o rd a n b o s h la b , k o m p y u te r s x e m a - siga q a d a r tu rli k o n d e n s a to r la r q oM laniladi (9 .3 va 9 .4 -ra s m la r) . H a m m a jo y d a u n i k a m ro q m a te r ia l s a rfla b , k ic h ik ro q h a jm li boM ishi, sigM mi esa k a tta r o q boM ishi ta la b q ilin a d i. B u n g a q a n d a y q ilib e rish is h m u m k in lig i (9 .1 3 ) fo rm u la g a a s o s la n ib o ‘rg a n iIa d i. K o n d e n s a to r sigM m ini o s h iris h n in g b irin c h i yoMi — y u z a n i o sh irish . SigM m ni o s h iris h n in g ik k in c h i yoMi — d o ra liq n i k a m a y - tirish . SigM m ni o s h iris h n in g u c h in c h i yoMi — d ie le k trik sin g d iru v - c h a n lig i k a tta d ie le k trik la rn i qoM lash. B u ta v siy a la rn i k o m p le k s qoM lash sigM m ni m a k s im a l o s h iris h im k o n iy a tin i y a ra ta d i. K o n d e n s a to r s irtla rin i m e ta ll z a r q o g ‘o z d a n , o ra liq la rin i y o g ‘ sin g d irilg a n q o g 'o z d a n y a s a b , u la rn i o ‘ra b , ix c h a m s ilin d r sh a k li- dagi k o n d e n s a to r y asash m u m k in . Y u z a n i o sh irish h iso b ig a sigMm- + ni 1 -2 ta rtib g a o s h iris h m u m k in . E le k tr m a y d o n o ‘ra lg a n z a r q o g ‘o z n in g ik k a la s irtid a jo y la s h ib , b u n in g h is o b ig a h a m sigM m 2 m a r ta o rta d i (9 .5 -ra s m ) . A lu m in iy p la s tin k a n i k is lo ro d a tm o s fe r a s id a q iz d irils a — s irti o k s id la n a d i, s h u n d a y y o ‘l b ila n q a lin lig i =10 a to m o ‘l c h a m ig a (1 O'9 m) eg a boM gan d ie le k trik q a tla m h o sil q ilish m u m k in . U n in g sirtin i ik k in c h i y a rim o 'tk a z g ic h yoki q u y u q elek tro lit b ila n q o p la b , k o n d e n s a to r h o s il q ilish m u m k in . O ra liq n i b u n d a y k a m a y tiris h h is o b ig a k o n d e n s a to r sigM m ini 107 m a r ta o r ttir is h m u m k in . K o n d e s a to rla r y a r a tis h d a h o z irg i k u n g a k elib u lk a n yutuqlai^ga e ris h ilg a n . U l a r 1 8 7 9 -y ild a G .G e lm g o ls t o m o n id a n t a k l i f e tilg a n m e ta ll- s u y u q e le k tr o lit s irtd a e rig a n d ip o l m o m e n tli m o le k u la la r tu fa y li h o s il boM adigan « Q o ‘sh e le k tr q a tla m » ( Q E Q ) g ‘o y a s ig a a s o s la n g a n . Q E Q n ih o y a td a k a tta sigM mli k o n d e n s a to r v a z ifa s in i b a ja r a d i. B u q a tla m e le k tro d s irtid a e le k tr m a y d o n t a ’s ir id a h o sil о о boM adi. Q a tla m n in g q a lin lig i I A — 2 A boM gani u c h u n u lk a n sigM m li k o n d e n s a to r l a r y a r a ti lis h i m u m k in . B u n d a y a jo y ib te x - n ik y e c h i m e l e k t r o d l a r n i n g e f f e k tiv y u z a s in i m i l l i o n l a b m a r t a o s h i r a d i g a n ik k in c h i k a sh fiy o t b ila n toM dirilgan. E le k tro d la r m a x su s g ‘o v a k m a te r ia lla r d a n y a sa lib , m a te r ia l 1 g r a m m in in g s irti 1 0 0 0 -3 0 0 0 m 2 n i ta sh k il e ta d i. B u n d a y g ‘o y a la rg a a s o s a n y a s a lg a n k o n d e n s a to r la m i N E C y a p o n k o r p o r a t s iy a s i s u p e r c a p ™ ( s u p e r k o n d e n s a t o r ) s a v d o m a rk a si b ila n b o z o r g a c h iq a r g a n . M is o l t a ’riq a s id a C K M C 2 6 0 0 k o n d e n s a to r n i k o 'r is h m u m k in . U n in g sigM mi 260 0 F, b a la n d lig i 138 m m , d ia m e tri 58 m m , m a s s a s i 4 7 0 g n i ta s h k il e ta d i. Im p u ls li to k d a b u k o n d e n s a to r 5 k W q u w a t b e ris h i m u m k in . B u n d a y k o n d e n s a to r d a n y ilig a m illio n d a n o r tiq c h iq a r ilg a n i h o ld a , n a r h i 26$ ni ta s h k il e ta d i ( w w w //m a d e le c tr o n ic s .r u /lib r a y ) . S a v o l va m a s a la la r 9.1. N uqtaviy zaryad atrofidagi elektr m aydon energiyasining zichligi masofaga qanday bogMiq? 9.2. E lektr dipol m aydoni energiyasining zichligi m asofaga q and ay bog'liq? 9.3. Bir necha kondensator parallel ulangan b o ‘lsa, ularning um um iy sig‘imi nimaga teng? 9.4. Bir necha kondensator ketma-ket ulangan bo‘lsa, ularning umumiy sigMmi nimaga teng? 9.5. K ondensator energiyasi nim alargabog‘liq? 9.6. Yassi kondensator m aydoni qanday param etrlar bilan tavsiflanadi? 9.7. Yassi kondensator param etrlari o ‘zaro qanday bog‘liq? 9.8. K on densator qoplam alaridagi zary adlar zichligi a ga teng. K o n d e n sa to r q o p lam alarin in g o ra lig 'i d x va d2 qalinlikdagi turli d ie le k trik la rd a n ib o ra t b o 'ls a , k o n d e n sa to rd a g i k u c h la n ish n i h iso b lang. K o ‘rsatm a: a w a l m aydo n in duksiyasini to p in g , u n in g qiym ati dielektriklarga bog'liq em as. 9.9. CKM C2600 kondensator 2.7 К kuchlanishga mo'ljallangan bo'lsa, u n d a yig‘ilgan energiya «Neksiya»ning dvigatelini ishga tushirish u ch u n yetarlim i (zaruriy energiya 10 k J )l 9.10. K atta sigMmli kondensatorlar qanday m aqsadlarda qoMlanislihi m um kin? 9.11. 0 ‘tkazgich m aterialdan yasalgan R radiusli katta L uzunlikdagi silindr P bosimga chidaydi. Q anday zaryad bu silindrni sochib yuborishi m um kin? (Javob: q = In R L ^ T e e ^ P ). 1 0 - § . Ik k i m u h it c h e g a r a s id a e le k t r m a y d o n in in g s in is h i A w a lg i b o 'lim la r d a e le k tr in d u k s iy a s id a n y o p iq s irt b o ‘y ic h a in te g ra l h is o b la n ib , G a u ss te o re m a s i, m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig in i y o p iq c h iz iq b o ‘y la b in te g ra lla b , m a y d o n sirk u ly atsiy asi n o lg a ten g lig i k e ltirib c h iq a rilg a n d i: <$DdS = q, ( 1 0 J ) j> E d I = 0. ( 1°-2) / U s h b u b o ‘lim d a b u te n g lik la rd a n ik k i m u h it c h e g a ra s id a e le k tr m a y d o n q a n d a y o 'z g a r is h in i o 'r g a n is h u c h u n fo y d a la n ila d i. 10.1-rasm. 10.1- r a s m d a a b c h iz iq ikki m u h it c h e g a ra s i, m u h itla m in g e le k tr s in g d iru v c h a n lig i ^ va er G a u s s te o r e m a s id a n f o y d a la n is h u c h u n y o p iq s ilin d r c h iz a m iz . B u s ilin d r n in g a so sla ri ikk i m u h it chegarasiga p arallel b o ‘lib, ikki asos ikki m u h itd a jo ylash sin . R a s m d a s ilin d r n in g y o n s ir ti k o ‘r i n m o q d a , a s o s la r i 5, v a S 2 e s a k o 'r in m a y a p ti. s ilin d r b a la n d lig i c h e k s iz k ic h ik b o ‘lish i k e ra k , s h u n d a y o n sirt b o ‘y ic h a in te g ra l h is o b la n m a s lig i m u m k in . S ilin d r ju d a y u p q a b o ‘lg an i u c h u n u n in g ic h ig a fa q a t sirt z a ry a d la ri sig ‘ish i m u m k in , u la r n in g m iq d o r i a S b o ‘la d i, a s o s la r in in g v e k to rla ri y o ‘n a lish j i h a t d a n fa rq q ils a d a , m o d u l j i h a t d a n fa rq q ilm a y d i. In te g r a l b ir in c h i v a ik k in c h i m u h itd a g i s ilin d r a so sla ri b o ‘y ic h a in te g ra lla rg a a jra b k etad i: ф D dS = + L hSj = D{S cos0[ + DjScosOj S K o s in u s fu n k siy a p ro y e k s iy a la rn i h is o b la s h d a q o ‘lla n ila d i, Z^cosfl, = Dln in d u k s iy a n in g 5, y o ‘n a lis h ig a , y a ’ni ikki m u h i t ch eg arasig a n o rm a l y o 'n a lis h ig a p royeksiyasi Dln ni b erad i, ik k in ch i Dj cosdj = - D ln h a m in d u k s iy a n in g n o r m a l y o ‘n a lis h ig a p ro y e k - siy a sin i b e r a d i, f a q a t b u y e rd a b u r c h a k o ‘tm a s b o ‘lg a n i u c h u n pro y ek siy a m a n fiy b o ‘lad i. N a tija d a : ^ ( А л - &ln) = A n = D i n + (Ю.З) B u n g a a s o s a n e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig in in g n o rm a l ta s h k il e tu v c h ila ri u c h u n h a m c h e g a ra v iy s h a r tn i y o z is h m u m k in : S h u n d a y q ilib , e le k tr in d u k s iy a n in g n o r m a l ta s h k il e tu v c h isi c h e g a ra d a a m iq d o rg a o ‘z g a ra r e k a n , c h e g a ra n e y tra l b o ‘Isa Dn c h e g a ra d a o 'z g a r m a s e k a n . Ikki m u h it e le k tr s in g d iru v c h a n lig i b ila n fa rq q ilg a n i u c h u n E n c h e g a r a d a (1 0 .4 ) g a m u v o fiq a lb a tta o ‘zg a ra d i. T o p ilg a n ikki te n g lik d a n (1 0 .3 ) b irla m c h i b o ‘lib , u n i eslab q o lish h a m q u lay ro q d ir. Ik k in c h i ten g lik n i b irin c h isig a q arab y o zish m u m k in . (1 0 .2 ) q o n u n d a n f o y d a la n is h u c h u n y o p iq c h iz iq ta n la n is h i k e ra k . B u c h iz iq n i t o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u r c h a k s h a k lid a ta n l a n a d i (1 0 .2 - ra s m ), u n in g ikki u z u n to m o n in i ik k i m u h itd a c h e g a ra g a p a ra lle l jo y la s h tir ila d i, q o lg a n ikki to m o n i c h e k s iz k ic h ik q ilib ta n la n a d i. S h u n d a in te g ra l t o ‘rtb u rc h a k n in g fa q a t ik k i to m o n i b o ‘y ic h a h iso b - la n is h i y e ta r li b o ‘lad i. T o ‘r tb u r c h a k n in g a y la n is h y o 'n a lis h i s o a t stre lk a si b o ‘y ic h a b o 'ls in . S h u n d a y h o ld a in te g ra ln i h is o b la y m iz : + Ё 2Т2 = / ( Elcos6l + E2 c o s 0 2 ) = I - E 2t ) = 0. / B u n d a n : E u = E 2x. (10.5) C h e g a r a d a e l e k t r m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l ig i n i t a n g e n s i a l (s irt b o ‘y lab ) ta s h k il etu v c h isi u z lu k siz e k a n . E le k tr in d u k s iy a u c h u n q u y id ag i te n g lik o ‘rinli: D\T / E\ = D2 z / e 2 . (10.6) (1 0 .3 ) (1 0 .6 ) te n g lik la r ikki m u h it c h e g a ra s id a m a y d o n o ‘z g a r s h in i t o ‘liq a n iq la b b e r a d i. J u m l a d a n b u te n g l i k la r n i m u h itla r d a n b iri m e ta ll b o ‘lg an h o i u c h u n qoM lash im iz m u m k in . M a s a la n , ik k in c h i m u h it m e ta ll b o ‘lsa Ё 2 = 0, A = 0 . U n d a (10.5) v a (10.6) g a k o ‘ra: E u = 0, Du = 0 . D e m a k m a y d o n m etall sirtig a tik b o ‘l a r e k a n . (1 0 .3 ) v a (1 0 .4 ) g a aso sa n : Z)l n =cr, Е ы = а / £,£(,. (10.7) 1 0 .1 -ra s m g a m u v o fiq , e le k tr in d u k s iy a k u c h c h iz iq la r in in g b u rc h a k la ri u c h u n q u y id ag i m u n o s a b a tla r o 'r in li: tgGx = D iT/ D [n, tgd2 = Dlz / D2„. S o d d a lik u c h u n a = 0 b o ‘lg an h o ln i k o 'r a y lik . U n d a D ^ — D ^ , !g0[ Du ( l 0 '8) Ikki m u h it c h e g a ra s id a m a y d o n la r n in g o ‘z g a ris h in i b u rc h a k la rg a k o ‘ra o ‘r g a n is h a y n iq s a o p t ik a d a q u la y d ir . Y o r u g ‘lik n u r la r i e le k tro m a g n it t o ‘lq in la rd a n , e le k tr v a m a g n it m a y d o n la r d a n ib o ra t. S h u n in g u c h u n o p tik a d a g i yorugM ik n u rla r in in g s in lsh q o n u n i y u q o r i d a g i k a b i h is o b l a s h l a r n i n g n a t i j a s i d a n a z a r i y k e lt i r i b ch iq a rila d i va ta jrib a n atijalarig a m o s keladi. M e ta lin in g s irtid a z a ry a d la r te k is ta q s im la n m a y d i. M a s a la n , b ir o n n e y tra l m e ta ll b o ‘lagi e le k tr m a y d o n g a k iritilg a n d a u n in g ich id a m a y d o n nolga teng boMishiga q a ra m a y , sirtida m a y d o n boMadi. M e ta l l boM agi n e y tr a l b o M g an i u c h u n u n g a k i r a y o t g a n v a c h iq a y o tg a n m a y d o n o q im i te n g boM adi, sirtn in g a y rim q is m la rid a m u s b a t z a r y a d la r yigMlib ( a > 0 ), m a y d o n k u c h c h iz iq la ri s ir td a n ta s h q a r ig a c h iq a d i. S irtn in g b o s h q a q is m la rid a m a n fiy z a r y a d la r ( a < 0 ) yigM lib, b u y e r d a ta s h q i m a y d o n k u c h c h i z i q l a r in i n g sirtd a g i z a ry a d la rg a kelib tu g a sh i k u z a tila d i. M e ta ll boMagi m u s b a t z a r y a d la n g a n boM sa, u n d a n c h iq a y o tg a n e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h c h iz iq la ri k o ‘p r o q b o 'la d i, k ira y o tg a n la ri k a m ro q boM adi, b u tu n la y y o ‘q boM ishi h a m m u m k in . Z a r y a d la r in in g o ‘tk a z g ic h s irtid a g i ta q s im o tig a ta s h q i e le k tr m a y d o n d a n ta s h q a r i s irtn in g s h a k li h a m m u h im a h a m iy a tg a eg a . A n i q l i k u c h u n m u r a k k a b s h a k l g a e g a b o M g an j i s m m a n f i y z a ry a d la n g a n , u n d a e le k tro n la r o r tiq c h a b o ‘lsin. Jism s irtin in g tu rli q is m la rin i tu rli e g rilik k a eg a boM gan s fe rik s irtla r s ifa tid a t a s a w u r q ilis h m u m k in . S fe ra s ir tid a z a r y a d la r va p o te n s ia l o ra s id a g i b o g ‘la n i s h b i z g a m a ’lum : t ££0) ct 4 k R 2 / R = a R / ee 0. M u ra k k a b sh a k ld a g i o ‘tk a z g ic h s irtin in g tu rli q is m la rid a p o te n s ia l b ir hil b o ‘lg an i h o ld a , e g rila n is h tu rlic h a . D e m a k s irtn in g ikki q ism i u c h u n crlRl = < t 2R2 d e b y o z is h m u m k in . B u n g a a s o s a n e g rila n ish k a tta (e g rilik ra d iu si ju d a k ic h ik ) b o ‘lg a n s irtla r u c h u n sirt z a ry a d la r z ic h lig i ju d a k atta boMishi kelib c h iq a d i. S h u n g a m o s ra v ish d a o ‘tk a z g ic h n in g u c h li q is m la rid a ta sh q i e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i i i j u d a k a tta b o ‘lad i. A g a r E n in g q iy m a ti h a v o n in g io n la n is h c h e g a ra s i 3 0 k V /s m d a n o rtib k e ts a , o ‘tk a z g ic h n in g u c h li q is m in in g a t r o f id a to jli ra z ry a d k u z a ti l a d i , o ‘tk a z g i c h e le k tr o n la r in in g 0 ‘tk a z g ic h u c h id a n c h iq ib k e tis h i k u z a tila d i. H a v o d a g i m u s b a t io n la r esa e le k tro n la rg a n is b a ta n te sk a ri y o ‘n a - lish d a h a ra k a tg a k e la d i, y o 'lla rid a n ey tra l h av o m o le k u la la rin i h a m e rg ash tirib , e le k tr s h a m o lin i hosil q iladi. B u h a q d a g a z la rd a g i e le k tr toki b o 'lim id a h a m aytiladi. 0 ‘tkazg ich n in g zary ad i k am ayib, sh u n g a m o s ra v ish d a s irtd a g i e le k tr m a y d o n 30 k V / т q iy m a td a n k ic h ra y - g a n d a n k ey in e le k tr s h a m o li t o ‘x tay d i. crl Ri = a 2R2 te n g l ik n i o ‘tk a z g ic h s ir ti n in g b o t i q s o h a s ig a q o 'lla y lik . B u n d a y s o h a d a eg rilik ra d iu si m a n fiy b o ‘lg a n i u c h u n , sirt z a ry a d la ri h a m te sk a ri ish o ra li boM adi. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h m a n fiy za ry a d la n g a n ig a q a ra m a y , u n in g b o tiq sirtlari m u s b a t za ry a d la n a d i. S a v o l va m a s a la la r 10.1. M aydonning ikki m uhit chegarasida sinishi q anday q o n u n lar asosida o ‘iganiladi? 10.2. M aydonning ikki muhit chegarasida o'zgarishini ifodalovchi qaysi tengliklar eslab qolingani m a ’qul? 10.3. Metall bilan dielektrik chegarasida maydon qanday о ‘zgaradi? 10.4. M etal] sirtidagi m aydon kuchlanganligi 5 V /m va e = 2 b o ‘lsa, sirtning shu qismida zaryadlar zichligi qanday? 10.5. Ikki dielektrik chegarasi zaryadsiz, e { = 2, e 2 = 2.8 b o ‘lsin. Agar birinchi m uhitda Ё m uhitlar sirti bilan л/6 burchak hosil qilgan b o ‘Isa, ikkinchi m uhitda bunday burchakning qiym ati qanday? 10.6. 0 ‘tkazgich sirti uchun a lR l = o 2R2 m u no sab atdan qanday xulosalar chiqadi? E le k tr va m a g n e tiz m b o ‘y ic h a m a v ju d m a s a la la r t o ‘p la m la rid a e le k tr v a m a g n it m a y d o n la r in i o ‘ig a n is h g a k a tta e ’t i b o r q a r a tilg a n b o ‘lib , b u m a y d o n la r d a g i z a ry a d la r n in g h a r a k a tig a y e ta rli e ’t i b o r b e r ilm a g a n . S h u n in g u c h u n q o M la n m a n i u s h b u b o ‘lim b ila n b o y itis h lo z im to p ild i. E le k tr m a y d o n d a g i z a ry a d li z a rra g a e le k tr k u c h la r t a ’s ir e ta d i. E le k tr k u c h l a r s h u n d a y k a tta b o ‘la d ik i, k o ‘p h o lla r d a z a r r a n in g ogMrligi b o rlig in i h iso b g a o lm a s a h a m b o ‘lad i. Z a r r a n in g h a ra k a ti m e x a n ik a q o n u n la rig a b o ‘y s u n a d i. M e x a n ik a d a b irin c h i n a v b a td a g ra v ita tsio n m ay d o n d a g i jis m n in g h arak ati o ‘rgan ilg an . G ra v ita tsio n m a y d o n h a m , e le k tro sta tik m a y d o n h a m p o te n s ia l x a ra k te rg a e g a b o ‘lg a n i u c h u n , a y rim h o lla r d a o ‘x s h a s h m a s a la la r n i u c h r a ta m iz . G r a v ita ts io n m a y d o n d a g i jis m g a t a ’s ir e tu v c h i k u c h g ra v i ta ts io n m a ssa g a m u ta n o s ib boM adi: F = - m g grad (b u y e r d a (ps — g ra v ita ts io n m a y d o n p o te n s ia li) , u n d a h a r a k a t te n g la m a s i: boM adi. T a jrib a g a k o 'r a g ra v ita ts io n m a ss a m g in e rts io n m m a ss a g a te n g boM ib, g ra v ita ts io n m a y d o n d a g i h a r a k a t te n g la m a s i b a r c h a jis m la r u c h u n b ir xil b o ‘la d i. G a lile y a y tg a n id e k , b ir xil s h a r o itd a b a r c h a j i s m l a r b ir xil h a r a k a tla n a d i. E le k tr m a y d o n d a s h a ro itla r d a g i im k o n iy a tla r k e n g ro q . Z a r r a n in g h a ra k a ti u n in g h a m m a ssa sig a , h a m z a ry a d ig a b o g ‘liq b o 'la d i: J u m l a d a n , b ir m a y d o n n in g o ‘z id a m u s b a t va m a n fiy z a ry a d li z a r r a la r h a r a k a ti k e sk in fa rq q ila d i. S o ‘n g ra , e le k tr m a y d o n n in g tu rli — t u m a n s h a k lla ri y a ra tilis h i m u m k in . E le k tr m a y d o n c h e k - la n g a n s o h a la r d a h o sil q ilin is h i m u m k in . E le k tr m a y d o n n i o 'z g a r - tirib tu r is h m u m k in . S h u n d a y q ilib , tu r l i- t u m a n , k o ‘p h o lla rd a a m a liy a h a m iy a tg a eg a m a s a la la rn i k o ‘rib c h iq is h m u m k in . (11.1) = q E = - q gradcp. dt (11.2) |
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