S. o r I f j o n o V elektromagnitizm
M asala. F o y d a li q u w a ti 3
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 1 4 - § . E Y u K . K irx g o fT q o id a la r i
- Konturlardagi toklar usulini
- A| / A> 722 - д 2/ д , / 3 3 R\ Ri E Ri 7 2 Л =
- Л1А1 - ^5^22 = Е ц , Е ц = Е 1 + Е 2
- 14.3-rasm. Savol va masalalar
- Muhim formulalar • Tok zichligi va tok kuchi: j = p u , I = j jd S . N = U I - I 2R, 77
- TOKNING MAGNIT MAYDONI 15-§. Magnitlar
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M asala. F o y d a li q u w a ti 3 k W v a F I K 90% boM gan e le k tr d v ig a te li k u c h la n is h 2 2 0 K b o M g an e le k tr z a n jirig a u la n g a n . E le k tr d v ig a te ln in g a k tiv q a rs h ilig in i v a u n d a n o ‘ta y o tg a n to k k u c h in i to p in g . Y echim . D v ig a te ln in g e le k tr q u w a ti P = N / rj = I U, b u n d a n : / = N / t ]U = 15.15A (1 3 .1 0 ) fo rm u la g a к о ‘ra: R = { \ - r j ) U / l = 1 .4 5 a S a v o l va m a s a la la r 13.1. K uchlanish nim a?-d egan savolga talaba «tokning qarshilikka qo'paytm asi» deb javob berdi. Javob to ‘g‘rimi? 13.2. E lektr b o ‘yicha birinchi m iqdoriy qonunlarni sanab bering. 13.3. 0 ‘tkazuvchanlik koefFitsiyentining birligi nima? 13.4. Mis sim ning ko'ndalang kesimi l /и/и2, uzunligi 10 m. U zunligi va qarshiligi huddi shunday boMadigan ebonit sterjenning massasi qanday boMishi kerak? 1 4 - § . E Y u K . K irx g o fT q o id a la r i E le k tro te x n ik a , ra d io te x n ik a — te x n ik f a n la r boM ib, u la r d a m u ra k k a b e le k tr z a n jir la r tu z ila d i. Z a n j i r e le m e n tla r i fiz ik a d a o ‘rg a n ila d ig a n o ‘tk a z g ic h , k o n d e n s a to r , in d u k tiv lik , e le k tr y u r i- tu v c h i k u c h va b o s h q a e le m e n tla r d a n ib o ra t boM adi. B u e le m e n t- la m in g h a r b irin i b ilg a n h o ld a , b u n d a y z a n jir la rd a n q a n d a y to k la r oM ishini h is o b la s h z a ru ra ti tugM ladi. O m q o n u n in i o ‘tg a n d a b u h a q d a a y rim ta v s iy a la r b e rild i. L e k in u la r h a y o td a u c h r a y d ig a n m u ra k k a b z a n jir la r u c h u n y etarli e m a s . X IX a s r n e m is fizigi G u s ta v K irx g o f fiz ik a n in g tu rli s o h a la r id a ta rix d a q o la d ig a n is h la r q ilg a n . B u b oM im da K irx g o fn in g e le k tr z a n jir la rin i h is o b la s h g a d o ir ik k i q o id a s i b ila n ta n is h a m iz . Z a n jird a u c h v a u n d a n o rtiq o ‘tk a z g ic h la r k esish ad ig an n u q ta la r tu g u n la r d e b a ta la d i. T u g u n la r o ra s id a tu rli e le k tr e le m e n tla r jo y la s h a d i. K irx g o f q o id a la rin i q o 'lla s h u c h u n z a n jirg a d a s tla b b e lg ila sh la r k iritila d i: • Z a n jirn in g tu rli e le m e n tla r id a n o 'ta y o tg a n to k la rn in g y o ‘n a - lishi v a q iy m a tla rin i belgilab c h iq ilad i (b u n d a y o 'n a lish n i x ato belgi- la s h d a n q o 'r q m a n g , n a tija v iy to k m a n fiy s o n b ilan c h iq sa , to k n in g h aq iq iy y o ‘nalishi belgilanganga n isb a ta n teskari ekanligini bild iradi). • Y o p iq k o n tu r la m i a y la n ib c h iq is h y o ‘n a lis h i b e lg ila b c h iq i la d i (s o a t stre lk a si b o ‘y lab b e lg ila sh tav siy a e tila d i). T u g u n la m in g b irin i y o p iq sirt b ilan o ‘raylik. Z a ry a d n in g s a q la n is h q o n u n ig a k o ‘ra s ta ts io n a r (b a rq a ro r ) to k la r u c h u n y o p iq sirt o rq a li to k k u c h i n o lg a te n g b o ‘lish i k erak. T u g u n g a to k la r b u tu n sirt b o ‘y la b e m a s , z a n jir e le m e n tla r i b o ‘y lab k ira d i, u la r n in g y o ‘n a lis h in i h is o b g a o lib , k ira y o tg a n to k la rn i te n g lik n in g b ir to m o n ig a , c h iq a y o tg a n to k la rn i te n g lik n in g ik k in c h i to m o n ig a y o z a m iz . M a s a la n , 1 4 .1 -ra s m d a g i a tu g u n u c h u n : te n g lik o 'r i n l i b o ‘lad i. K irx g o fn in g u s h b u birinch i qoidasi z a r y a d la rn in g s a q la n is h q o n u n id a n k e lib c h iq a d i. B u q o id a g a a s o s a n to k la r n in g q i y m a t la r i d a n b o g ‘lo v c h i te n g l a m a l a r tu z ib o lis h m u m k in . K irx g o fn in g b irin c h i q o id a s in i fa q a t b ir tu g u n g a e m a s , b ir n e c h a tu g u n la m i, z a n jir n in g ih tiy o riy q is m in i o 'r a b tu ru v c h i y o p iq sirtg a h a m q o ‘llasa b o ‘ladi. K irx g o fn in g ik k in c h i q o id asi s ta ts io n a r to k la r u c h u n e le k tr m a y d o n sirk u ly atsiy asi j>EdJ = 0 n o lg a te n g lig id a n kelib c h iq a d i. ( 1 4 .1 ) 1 E ; r I n t e g r a l n i z a n j i r n i n g b i r e l e - m e n tig a ta a llu q li q is m i s h u e le - m e n td a g i t/k u c h la n is h n i ( p o te n s ia lla r f a r q in i) b e r a d i. M u s b a t z a ry a d e le k tr m a y d o n i t a ’s irid a ( m a y d o n b o ‘y lab) h a r a k a tla n s a , EdT > 0 b o ‘la d i, b u n d a z a ry a d la r p o te n sia li k a tta s o h a d a n po ten siali k ic h ik ro q boM gan s o h a to m o n h a r a k a tla n a d i v a a U < 0 boM adi, b u n i 4 -§ d a m u h o k a m a q ilin g a n ed i. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h la rd a to k n in g y o ‘n a lis h i e le k tr m a y d o n y o ‘n a lis h i b ila n m o s k e la d i, b u O m q o n u n in in g differensial s h a k lid a { j = < j E ) y aq q o l ifo d a la n g a n . S h u b ilan b irg a to k o ‘tk azg ic h b o ‘ylab o q q a n sari za ry ad larn in g p o ten siali k am ay ib b o ra d i (b u n i su v n in g p astg a o ‘q ish ig a o ‘x sh a tish m u m k in ). E le k tr z a n jir la rd a t o k o 'ti s h i u c h u n z a ry a d la rn i h a r a k a tg a k e ltira d ig a n , z a ry a d la rg a e n e rg iy a (p o te n s ia l) b e r a d ig a n m a n b a boM ishi k erak . Z a n jird a g i b u n d a y e le m e n t e le k tr y u ritu v c h i k u c h (E Y u K ) yoki to k m a n b a i d e b a ta la d i, va o d a td a , £ b ila n b elg ilan ad i. E Y u K h a ra k a td a g i z a ry a d la rn in g p o te n sia lin i k o ‘ta r ib b e ru v c h i e le m e n t v a z ifa sin i b a ja r a d i. B u n d a y v a z ifa n i e le k tr x u s u siy a tig a ega boM m agan k u c h la rg in a b ajarishi m u m k in . E le k tr g e n e ra to rla rid a m a g n it k u c h la r , g a lv a n ik e le m e n tla rd a g i k im y o v iy k u c h l a r e le k - tr o d la r d a n b irin i m u s b a t, ik k in c h is in i m a n fiy z a ry a d la y d i. E le k - tr o d la r ta s h q i o ‘tk a z g ic h .b ila n b irla s h tirilsa , m u s b a t e le k tr o d d a n m a n fiy elektro d g a y o ‘n alg an to k o ‘tad i. S h u p a y td a g alv an ik e le m e n t ic h id a g i to k y o ‘n a lis h in i k o ‘rsa k , u n in g y o ‘n a lis h i g ‘ay ri o d d iy , m an fiy e lek tro d d an m u s b a t elek tro d g a to m o n y o 'n a lg a n in i k o ‘ram iz. s h u n in g u c h u n E Y u K ic h id a E d i < 0 boM adi. S h u n d a y q ilib o ‘tk a z g ic h la rd a g i k u c h la n is h la r b ila n E Y u K la m in g j i E d l in te g ra lg a h issasi tu rli is h o ra g a eg a e k a n . M u s b a t / ifo d alar b ilan ishlash u c h u n u lar tenglikning turli to m o n la rig a yoziladi: X е , = £ £ / „ . (1 4 2 ) i n B u te n g lik K irx g o fn in g ik k in c h i qoidasi d eb atala d i. Yopiq konturdagi e le k tr y u ritu v c h i k u c h la r y ig ‘indisi bu k o n tu rd a g i p o te n sia l tu sh ish la r y ig 'in d isig a teng. B u te n g lik n in g m a ’n o s i q u y id a g ic h a : k o n tu r b o ‘y ic h a h a ra k a tla n a y o tg a n z a ry a d la r m a n b a la rd a n q a n c h a en erg iy a o lsa , k o n tu m in g b o s h q a (p a ssiv ) e le m e n tla r id a s h u n c h a e n e rg iy a y o ‘q o ta d i. K o ‘rib tu rib m iz k i, K irx g o fn in g ikki q o id asi e le k tr m a y d o n n in g f u n d a m e n ta l x o s s a la rig a ta y a n a r e k a n . R e a l z a n ji r la r d a to k m a n b a l a r i k o n t u r n i a y la n ib c h i q i s h y o ‘n a lis h ig a n is b a ta n tu r lic h a jo y la s h is h i m u m k in : m a n b a to k n i u s h b u y o 'n a lis h d a o ‘tis h ig a h issa q o 's h s a , u n in g E Y u K m u s b a t is h o ra b ila n , aks h o ld a m a n fiy is h o ra b ilan h is o b g a o lin a d i (oxirgi h o i z a ry a d la n a y o g a n a k k u m ly a to rla rd a ro 'y b erad i). Z a n jir elem en ti o 't k a z g ic h d a n ib o ra t boMsa, O m q o n u n ig a k o ‘ra U = IR , k o n d e n s a to r u c h u n U = q / C T o k n in g y o ‘n a lis h i k o n tu rn i a y la n ib c h iq is h y o ‘n a lis h i b ila n m o s kelsa, k u c h la n is h II = I R m u s b a t is h o ra b ila n , aks h o ld a m a n fiy ish o ra b ilan h iso b g a o lin a d i. E n g s o d d a h o ld a , z a n jir to k m a n b a i va ta s h q i q a r s h ilik d a n ib o ra t b o ‘Isa, K irx g o fn in g (1 4 .2 ) q o id asi q u y id a g i te n g lik k a o lib k eladi: E = IR. (14.3) T o k m a n b a in in g ic h k i q arsh ilig i (1 4.3 ) te n g lik n in g o ‘ng to m o n id a h iso b g a olin ish i kerak. (14.3) tenglik yo p iq z a n jir u c h u n O m q o n u n i d eb h a m atalad i. T o k m a n b a in in g ichki qarshiligi ish tiro k id ag i h a d n i c h a p ta ra fg a o 'tk a z s a k : E - Ir = IR. B u ifo d a m a n b a q u tb la rid a g i k u c h la n is h n i ikki u s u ld a h is o b la s h im k o n in i b e ra d i. Konturlardagi toklar usulini y u q o rid a k o ‘rilgan za n jirg a q o £llash ja r a y o n id a o 'r g a n a m iz . S ta ts io n a r to k la r d o im o y o p iq k o n tu rla r b o ‘y la b o ‘tis h in i h iso b g a o lib , o ‘rg a n ila y o tg a n m u ra k k a b z a n jir d a b ir n e c h a y o p iq k o n tu r ta n la n ib , h a r b ir y o p iq k o n tu r b o ‘y lab a y rim a y la n m a to k o ‘ta d i d e b h is o b la n a d i. M a s a la n , k o 'r ila y o tg a n z a n ji r d a e n g t a s h q i y o p iq k o n t u r b o ‘y la b 7M to k o ‘t a d i , b u k o n tu rn in g t o ‘liq q arsh ilig i Rl{ = r + Л, + R2 ga te n g d ir. B u k o n tu r- d a n ta s h q a r i ikki k ic h ik k o n tu rla rn i ta n la y m iz , u la rd a g i y o p iq to k la rn in g q iy m a tla ri I22 v a / 33, b u k o n tu rla m in g t o ‘liq q arsh ilik lari R22 = R{ + Rs + R3 va R23 = R2 + + R5 boM adi (1 4 .2 -ra s m ) . Bu ta n la n g a n k o n tu r la m in g b a ’zi q is m la ri fa q a t a y r im k o n tu r g a te g is h lid ir. to k m a n b a id a n fa q a t I n , to k o ‘ta d i, R3 q a r s h ilik d a n fa q a t I27, tok, R4 q a r s h ilik d a n fa q a t 733 to k o ‘ta d i. 0 ‘rg a n ila y o tg a n z a n jir d a Қ , R2, R3 q arsh ilik lard an oM adigan y a n a b ir k o n tu r tu zish m u m k in , le k in u n in g b a r c h a q ism la ri b o s h q a k o n tu rla rg a h a m teg ish li boMadi, b u t o ‘rtin c h i k o n tu rn in g o ‘ziga xos e le m e n tla ri boM m aydi. M a te m a tik jih a td a n b u t o ‘r- ti n c h i k o n tu r u c h u n y o z ilg a n te n g la m a q o lg a n u c h te n g la m a b ila n c h iz iq li bogMiq boM adi. S h u n in g u c h u n z a n - j i r d a g i u c h n o m a ’lu m t o k k a m o s ra v is h d a u c h k o n tu r b ila n c h e k la n is h m u m k in , va s h u n g a m o s u c h te n g la m a h o sil q ilin a d i. A jra tib o lin g a n k o n tu r la r u c h u n K irx g o fn in g ik k in c h i q o id a - sig a a s o s a n te n g la m a y o z ila d i. B u n d a k o n tu r n in g a y rim e le m e n t- la rid a n b o s h q a to k la r h a m o ‘tis h in i, u l a m i n g y o ‘n a lis h i u s h b u k o n tu r to k i bilan m o s kelish i, y o k i teskari boM ishini h iso b g a o lin a d i. M a s a la n , 7?, q a rs h ilik d a g i p o te n s ia l tu s h is h (7M + 122)Қ g a , R j q arsh ilik d ag i p o te n sia l tu sh ish ( / ,, + 733 )R2 ga te n g boMadi. S h u n d a y qilib b irin c h i v a b o sh q a k o n tu r la r u c h u n te n g la m a y o z a m iz : E = 7 n 7?n + I 22R[ + 7 3 3 T? 2 , 0 = l u R { + I 22R n - 7 337?5, 0 = 7n 7?2 - 7 2 2 Л 5 + 7зз^зз- (1 4 .4 ) N a tija d a u sh b u u su ld a te n g la m a la r so n i n o m a ’lum to k la r son ig a ten g bo ‘la d i va ten g la m a la r so n i en g k ic h ik bo ‘ladi. B u s is te m a n in g y e c h im la r i d e te r m in a n tla r m e to d i b ila n to p ila d i: A| / A> 722 - д 2/ д , / 3 3 R\ Ri E Ri 7 ? 2 Л = Ri r 22 -R s > Д 1 - 0 R u -R s r 2 -Rb R 33 0 -R s 7?зз - e ( 7?227?33 - Л2 j , R и E Rn 0 - r 5 О 7?зз - - E ( R 2R5 + 7?,7?33) , (1 4 .5 ) 7? I, 7?, E - -E ( Rl Rs + R 2 R22). S h u n d a y q ilib z a n jird a g i to k la r u c h u n te n g la m a la r s is te m a s i va s is te m a n in g u m u m iy y e c h im la r i to p ild i. Z a n jird a g i q a rs h ilik o rq a li o ‘ta y o tg a n to k n i ta h lil q ila y lik . B u q arsh ilik o rq ali / 22— 733 to k o ‘tad i. Q a n d a y s h a ro itd a bu to k n o lg a te n g lig in i a n iq la y lik . (1 4 .5 ) y e c h im la rg a a s o s a n д 2 va д 3 la rn i te n g la b , te n g ifo d a la rn i q is q a rtirg a n d a n s o ‘n g , R5 q a rs h ilik d a g i to k n o lg a te n g boMishi u c h u n Rl / R 2 = R2 / R 4 (1 4 .6 ) m u n o s a b a t b ajarilish i z a ru rlig in i a n iq ia y m iz . Bu s h a r t b a ja rilg a n d a z a n jir n in g ikki tu g u n la rid a p o te n s ia lla r ten g boMadi va R5 q a rs h ilik o rq a li to k o q m a y d i. Uinston ko‘prigida Rs q a r s h ilik o 'r n id a s e z g ir g a lv a n o m e tr o ‘m a tila d i va za n jirn in g y elk ala rid an biriga o 'm a tilg a n o ‘zg a ru v c h a n q a rsh ilik y o rd a m id a g a lv a n o m e tr toki n o lg a a y la n is h ig a e r is h ila d i. K o ‘p rik n in g y elk ala rid ag i b o s h q a q arsh ilik lar m a 'lu m boMsa, (14.5) n is b a t y o r d a m id a t o 'r t i n c h i — nom aM u m q a rs h ilik n in g q iy m a ti k atta aniqlikda oM chanadi. Y a n a b ir m iso l t a ’riq a s id a 1 4 .3 -ra s m d a g i e le k tr z a n jim i k o 'r ib c h iq a y lik . B e rilg a n z a n jir d a I n to k li c h a p k o n tu r va /22 to k li o ‘ng k o n tu m i ta n la b o lay lik . K irx g o fn in g ik k in c h i q o id a s ig a k o ‘ra h a r b ir k o n tu rd a e le k tr y u ritu v c h i k u c h la r yigM ndisi p o te n s ia l tu s h is h - la r yigM ndisiga teng: E, + E2 = (Л, + R2 + Л5) / п - R j l 22 = Л ц /ц - Л5/ 22, - E S _ E 4 = (R i + R 4 + R 5 ) 1 2 7 ~ R$h 1 = R 2 2 1 22 - R b h \- B u y erd a R n va R21 ikki k o n tu rn in g toMiq qarshiligi. Ikkala te n g la m a d a k o n tu rla r u c h u n u m u m iy boM gan Rs q a rsh ilik d a n ikkala k o n tu rn in g to k la ri o ‘tis h i h iso b g a o lin d i, u la r o ‘za ro tesk ari y o ‘n a lg a n i u c h u n te n g la m a la r g a tu rli is h o ra b ila n y o z ild i. Ikki te n g la m a d a g i E Y u K u c h u n q u la y b e lg ila s h la r k iritib , te n g la m a la rn i k o ‘c h ira m iz : Л1А1 - ^5^22 = Е ц , Е ц = Е 1 + Е 2 , ( \ a i \ - R s h i + R j i 1 22 - E 22> E 22 = - E 5 - E 4 . T e n g la m a la r s is te m a s in i, m a s a la n , d e te rm in a n tla r u su li b ilan y ec h ib , z a n jird a g i to k la r to p ila d i. A g a r b u z a n jirg a y o p iq k o n tu r la r u s u li q o M la n ilm a g a n d a , z a n jir d a u c h nom aM u m to k k iritilib , u c h te n g la m a h o sil q ilin a r ed i. D o im iy t o k q o n u n la r i k o ‘p la b a m a liy m a sa la la rd a ah a m iy a tli b o ‘lgan q o n u n la rd ir. M a s a la la r to 'p la m id a bu b o 'lim g a ta a llu q li k o 'p la b m a s a la la r to p ila d i. U la r n i y e c h ib e le k tr to k la ri zr, h a q i d a b i l i m l a r n i m u s t a h k a m la s h k e ra k . 14.3-rasm. Savol va masalalar 14.1. Kirxgofning birinchi qoidasi qaysi elektr qonuniga asoslanadi? 14.2. Kirxgofning ikkinchi qoidasi qaysi qonunga asoslanadi? 14.3. K onturlardagi toklar m etodi n im adan iborat? 14.4. (14.8) tenglam alar sistemasini determ inantlar usuli bilan yeching. 5 • O m qonuni: J = &Ё, I = U / R. • Qarshilikning o ‘tkazgich o ich am larig a bog'liqligi: R = p i / S. • E lektr tokning q uw ati: P = U I, p = ]Ё . • Joul - Lens qonuni: p = I 2R t, p = p j 2t. • Elektr dvigatelning mexanik q u w a ti v a FIK: Muhim formulalar • Tok zichligi va tok kuchi: j = p u , I = j jd S . N = U I - I 2R, 77 = 1 - — . • K irxgofning birinchi qoidasi (am aliy shakli): /' n • K irxgofning ikkinchi qoidasi: Z e , = Z u „. TOKNING MAGNIT MAYDONI 15-§. Magnitlar M a g n itla r b ila n o 'q u v c h ila r fiz ik a fa n in i o ‘rg a n is h d a n a w a l , m a k ta b g a b o rm a s d a n a w a l ta n is h is h a d i. Y o sh b o la la r m a g n itla rn i o 'z la rin in g e n g sev im li o 'y in c h o q la r i s ifa tid a s a q la s h a d i, b o s h q a b o la la rn in g h a v a s in i k e ltiris h a d i. M a g n itla r b ila n b o la la r s o a tla b o 'y n a sh i m u m k in . B o lalar em as, o lim la r h a m m ag n itlarg a v aq tlarin i ay a sh m a y d i. T a r ix d a n m a ’lu m b o 'l is h ic h a , Isa a k N y u to n q o ‘lid a ta b iiy m a g n it o 'm a tilg a n u z u k ta q ib y u r a r e k a n , b u m a g n it o 'z id a n 50 (ellik) m a r ta o g ‘irro q te m im i k o 'ta r is h i m u m k in ekan! T ab iiy m a g n itla r bilan o d a m z o d q a d im d a n u c h rash g an . H o z irg i z a m o n g a b u n in g iz la r ig in a y e tib k e lg a n . E n g q a d im g i X ito y m a n b a la rid a ja n g o v o r arav alarg a « ja n u b n i k o 'rsa tu v c h i» q u rilm a la r o ‘rn a tilg a n i h a q id a a y tib o ‘tish m u m k in . B u h a q d a b ir n e c h a q a d im g i y o z m a y o d g o rlik la r q o lg a n . H o z irg i til b ila n a y tg a n d a — k o m p a s x ito y lik la rg a 3— 3.5 m in g yil a w a l m a ’lu m b o 'lg a n e k a n . R iv o y atg a k o ‘ra, x ito y im p e ra to r i X u a n g -T i u c h m in g y ild a n d a a w a l ja n g d a e rish g a n g ‘alabasiga k o m p as hissa q o ‘shg an ekan. U n in g u sta la ri y a s a b , ja n g o v o r a ra v a la rg a o 'r n a t ib b e rg a n x a y k a lc h a - la m in g q o ‘llari d o im o ja n u b n i k o ‘rs a ta r e k a n . B u q u rilm a la r y o rd a m id a a fso n a v iy X u a n g -T i q u y u q tu m a n d a c h o 'ld a g i d u s h m a n ig a h u ju m qilib m a q sa d ig a erishgan. M a g n it t o s h la r n o m in i tu rli x a lq la r n in g tilid a q id irib to p is h m um kin. K o m p a sn in g asosiy elem e n ti - m a g n it strelk ad a n iborat. M a g n it strelka Y e m in g m a g n it m a y d o n in i sezib, s h im o l - ja n u b y o ‘n a lish id a jo y la s h a d i. S tre lk a s e z g ir b o ‘lish i u c h u n u n i z a m o n a v iy k o m p a s - la rd a ig n a n in g u c h ig a jo y la sh tirila d i. Q a d im g i k o m p a s la rd a stre lk a (m a g n it) s u v n in g s irtid a s u z ib y u rg a n , y o k i in g ic h k a ip g a o sib q o 'y ilg a n . B u h o lla r d a h a m k o m p a s n in g sezgirligi k a tta b o ‘lg an . K o m p a s ta rix in i o 'r g a n is h m a g n e tiz n i ta rix in i b ilish d e m a k d ir. X ito y e n sik lo p e d iy a la rig a к о 'г а , e ra m iz d a n a w a lg i 3— 4 a srla r- d a g i k e m a la r d a h a m m a g n it s tr e lk a la r boM gan. L e k in X ito y m u z e y la r id a b u n d a y q a d im g i k o m p a s n i to p ib boM m aydi, u y e rd a fa q a t m in g yillik k o m p a s n i k o ‘rish m u m k in . Y e v ro p a d a esa m a g n it 1302 -y ild a k a sh f etilib, b aliqchilarg a va b o sh q a d en g izch ilarg a h iz m a t q ila b o sh lad i. E p ik u r va u n in g iz d o s h i L u k re tsiy m a g n it h a q id a s h e ’riy ta rz d a b a y o n e tis h g a n . M a g n it to s h la rn i o 'z a r o to r tis h is h in i, to rtis h ib , m a i j o n d e k o s ilib tu r is h in i s o 'z l a r e k a n , L u k re ts iy m a g n itd a n « u ru g 1» y o k i to k c h iq is h in i, b u to k h a v o n in g o ra sin i o c h ib , b o s h q a m a g n itla rg a , te m ir la r g a b o rib y e tis h in i, u la rn in g to rtilis h ig a yoM o c h is h in i ta sv irla y d i. Y o g ‘o c h k a b i g ‘o v a k jis m la r d a n to k h a v o d a n o ‘tg a n d e k o ‘tib k e ta d i. O ltin e sa ogMr boM gani u c h u n m a g n itg a to rtilm a y d i. U la r o ra s id a te m ir - m a g n itg a to rtila d i d e y a L u k retsiy m a g n e tiz m n in g m o h iy a tin i tu s h u n tir a d i. A g a r « u ru g ‘» v a «tok» s o 'z la r i n i m a y d o n s o ‘zi b ila n a lm a s h tirs a k , m a g n it m a y d o n la r h a q id a g i t a s a w u r la r ik k i m in g yil a w a l v u ju d g a k e lg a n d e y ish m u m k in . M a g n e tiz m ta rix ig a d o ir y a n a k o 'p la b m aM u m o tla rn i V la d im ir K a rse v n in g « М а г н и т за т р и т ы с я ч и л е т и я » d e b n o m la n g a n ajo y ib k ito b id a to p is h m u m k in . K ito b m u a llif n in g ro z ilig i b ila n in te r - n e td a g i M o s h k o v k u tu b x o n a s id a toMiq o c h ib q o ‘y ilg a n . M a g n it h a q id a P y e r P e re g rin n in g « M a g n it h a q id a xatlar» k ito b i (1 2 6 9 ) m aM um . K ito b d a o ‘s h a p a y td a m aM um boM gan m aM u m o t- la r d a n ta s h q a r i m u a llifn in g o ‘zi o c h g a n m a g n it x o ssalari h a m y o ritilg a n . K ito b d a q u y id a g i m a ’lu m o tla m i to p is h m u m k in : • M a g n itla r n in g ikki tu rd a g i q u tb la ri b o r. • T u rli q u t b la r to r tis h a d i, b ir xil q u tb la r ita ris h a d i. • T e m irla r n i ta b iiy m a g n itla r b ila n is h q a la b , s u n ’iy m a g n it y a sa sh m u m k in . • M a g n it k u c h la r suv va s h is h a o rq a li o ‘tis h i m u m k in . • K o m p a s h a q id a m a ’lu m o tla r. U sh b u k ito b d a n b ilim o lg an arab a llo m asi ib n -R o s h id fik richa, m a g n it o ‘z a tro fid a g i fa z o n i o ‘z s h a k lig a m o s e g rila y d i, fa z o n in g bu q ism i k ey in g i s o h a n i e g rila y d i, va n ih o y a t m a g n it x o ssalari te m iig a borib yetadi. L u k re tsiy , P e re g rin , ib n - R o s h id a s a rla ri m a y d o n h a q id a g i ta s a w u r la r p a y d o b o ‘lish i ta rix in i k o 'r s a ta d i. 1492 -y ili X ris to fo r K o lu m b o ‘z in in g A m e rik a n i k a s h f e tg a n b irin c h i b u y u k sa y o h a tid a g eo g rafik parallel b o ‘ylab h a ra k a t p ay tid a m a g n it stre lk a o g ‘ish in in g o ‘zg a rish in i a n iq la y d i. 15 4 4 -y ili G .G a r tm a n m a g n it ogM shni — g e o g ra fik m e rid ia n va m a g n it strelk a y o 'n a lis h i o ra s id a b u rc h a k b o rlig in i an iq lad i. M a g n e tiz m h a q id a g i b u n d a n k ey in g i k o 'p la b m a ’lu m o tla r in g liz o lim i V ily a m G ilb e r t n o m i b ila n b o g ‘liq. I s te ’d o d li sh ifo k o r boM gan G ilb e rt m a g n itla m in g sogM iqqa t a ’sirin i o ‘rg a n a d i. S h u b ila n b ir g a h a q i q i y o lim s i f a t i d a m a g n e ti z m h a q i d a y a n g i b i - li m l a r n i o c h a d i. G ilb e rt to p g a n b ilim la r G a liley n ik i kabi tajrib a la ig a asoslang an. 0 ‘z m ablagM ari h iso b ig a 18 yil d a v o m id a k o ‘p lab ta jrib a la r q o ‘ygan o lim , k u z a tis h la r n a tija la rin i « M a g n it, m a g n it j is m la r va u lk a n m a g n it— Y e r. K o 'p la b ta jrib a la r b ila n ta s d iq la n g a n y an g i fiz io lo - giya» k ito b id a (1 6 0 0 -y ) y a k u n la y d i. G ilb e rt b irin c h i b o r m a g n it va e le k tr h o d is a la rn i b ir - b irid a n a jra ta d i. M a g n itn in g b ir b o sh ig a te m ir te k k iz ilsa , u n in g ik k in c h i b o s h i k u c h liro q to rtis h in i k o 'r s a ta d i. B u n d a n 250 yil o ‘tg a n d a n k eyin b u h o d is a u c h u n p a te n t o lish a d i. G ilb e r t t e m ir q iz d ir ils a , m a ’lu m c h e g a r a d a u n in g k u c h li m a g n it x o ssa la ri y o 'q o lis h in i k o ‘rsa ta d i. K e y in c h a lik b u c h e g a ra K y u ri te m p e r a tu ra s i d e b a ta ld i. U z u n te m im i s h im o l- ja n u b y o ‘n a lis h id a u z o q v a q t ta s h la b q o ‘yilsa, u m a g n itla n ib q o la d i. A g a r te m irn i b o lg ‘a b ila n u rib tu rils a , u n in g m a g n itla n ib q o lis h i te z la s h a d i. T e m ir k o rp u s g a o 'r n a tilg a n m a g n it y a n a d a k u c h liro q to r ta d i. M a g n itn in g t a ’siri yorugM ik k ab i ta r q a la d i. M a g n e tit n o m li m in e r a ld a n k a tta s h a r y a s a tib , G ilb e r t u n in g m a g n it m a y d o n i Y e r n in g m a g n i t m a y d o n i g a o ‘x s h a s h l i g i n i k o ‘rs a ta d i. G ilb e r tg a c h a m a g n it s tre lk a n in g h o la ti q u tb y u ld u z ig a to rtilis h i b ila n t u s h u n tir ila r e d i. G ilb e rt Y e rn i u lk a n m a g n it d e b a ta y d i, u n in g m a g n it q u tb la rin i, m a g n it m e r id ia n n in g g e o g ra fik m e r id ia n d a n og M sh in i, K o lu m b o c h g a n m a g n it m e r id ia n ogM shi- n in g g e o g ra fik p a r a lle l b o ‘y lab o ‘z g a rib b o ris h in i tu s h u n tir a d i. 1 6 3 5 -y ild a G e llib ra n d Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o n i sek in o ‘zg a rib b o ris h in i a n iq la d i. 1 8 3 5 -y ild a G o tte n g e n td a b irin c h i m a g n it o b - servatoriya o ch d i. 1908-yilda a m e rik a lik a stro n o m J.X ey l Q u y o sh dogM arida k uch li m a g n it m a y d o n m a v ju d lig in i k a s h f q ild i. H o z irg i k u n d a m a g n it m a y d o n la r fa q a t te x n ik a d a e m a s , b u tu n d u n y o n in g tu z ilis h id a h a m a h a m iy a tli ek an lig i a n iq la n g a n . B u n d a y h o d isa la r k o sm ik e le k tro d in a m ik a fa n id a o ‘rg an ilad i. Download 48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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