Unit 1 the simple present s + V(e)s + O

Needn’t have + V3—o’tgan zamonda bilmasdan bajarilgan ish-harakatni ifodalab, afsuslanish holatni bildiradi va o’zbek tiliga <>ma’nosini bildiradi:

• 
  Why did you wash that shirt ? It wasn’t dirty. You needn’t have washed it.
  
• 
  I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn’t take me long time to get ready. So, I needn’t have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.
  

• 
  Didn’t need to + V1—bilib turib o’sha ish-harakatni bajarmaslik ma’nosida ishlatiladi va o’zbek tiliga <<…shim shart emas edi>>deb tarjima qilinadi:
  

• 
  I didn’t need to get up so early, so I didn’t.
  
• 
  I didn’t need to get up so early, but it was a lovely morning , so I did.
  

Note: S + to be + in need of + Noun Jill is in need of money=Jalil needs money

UNIT 15. MAY / MIGHT

1. 
   May/might –modal fe’llari o’bek tilida”mumkin, mayli” ma’nolarini anglatadi. Odatda “may” o’rnida “might” ishlatilishi mumkin:
   

• 
  It may be true . ↔ It might be true.
  

2. 
   May/might have + V3 –o’tgan zamondagi ish-harakatga nisbatan so’zlovchining gumoni, taxminini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  A: I wonder why Kamron didn’t answer the phone?
  

B: She may have been asleep.

• 
  A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.
  

B: You might have left it in the shop.

3. 
   “could” ba’zan “may/might” ga sinonim sifati ishlatilishi mumkin:
   

• 
  It is strange story, but it could/might be true.
  
• 
  You might/could have left it in the shop.
  

Note: “ couldn’t “ inkor shakli “may/might not” inkor shakllaridan farq qiladi:

• 
  Sherzod couldn’t have got my message . Otherwise , he would have replied.(It is not possible that he got my message)—Sherzod mening xatimni olmagan bo’lsa kerek. Bo’lmasa javob yozgan bo’lardi.
  
• 
  I wonder why Sherzod hasn’t replied to my message. I suppose he might not have got it(perhaps he didn’t get it, and perhaps he did)—Qiziq , nega Sherzod mening xatimga javob bermagan ekan . Chamasi u mening xatimni olmagan bo’lishi mumkin.
  

4. 
   “ May/might “—kelasi zamonda sodir bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan ish-harakat va voqealar haqida gapirilganda ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  I haven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Chimyon.(=perhaps I will go there )
  
• 
  Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later.(perhaps it will rain)
  
• 
  The bus isn’t always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes.(perhaps we’ll have to wait)
  

5. 
   Inkor shakli “may not/might not”(mightn’t):
   

• 
  Lola may not go out tonight. She isn’t feeling well.
  
• 
  There might not be enough time to discuss everything at the meeting.
  

6. 
   Compare: will ≠ may/might
   

• 
  I’ll be late this evening (for sure)
  
• 
  I may / might be late this evening (possible)
  

5. 
   Odatda “may” o’rnida “might” ishlatilishida farq yo’q:
   

• 
  I may go to Chimboy ==== I might go to Chimboy
  

Note: Lekin noreal holat uchun “might” ishlatiladi. “May” ishlatilishi mumkin emas:

• 
  If I were in Tolib’s position, I might look for another job.
  

6. 
   “May/might + be Ving” shakli ishlatilishi mumkin.Bunda “will be Ving “ dan farqlash lozim:
   

• 
  Don’t phone at 8:30. I’ll be watching the film on TV.(for sure)
  
• 
  Don’t phone at 8:30. I might be watching the film on TV.(possible)
  

7. 
   “May/might+be Ving” shakli kelajakda amalga oshishi mumkin bo’lgan reja yoki maqsadlar uchun ishlatiladi.Bunda “to be going to” birikmasidan farqlash joiz:
   

• 
  I’m going to Samarkand in summer.(for sure)
  
• 
  I might/may be going to Samarkand in summer( possible)
  

8. 
   <>--“….ham bo’laveradi(shunday qilsa ma’qul,yaxshi bo’ladi)/ boshqa iloji yo’q” degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  Anvar:”What time are you going out?” (Qachon ko’chaga chiqmoqchisan?)
  

Bekzod:”Well, I’m ready, so I might as well go now. (Xo’sh,men tayyorman,demak endi chiqsam ham bo’laveradi)

• 
  Buses are so expensive these days, you may as well get a taxi.
  

UNIT 16. SHOULD

1. 
   Should”modal fe’li maslahat berish yoki o’z fikrini bildirish uchun ishlatiladi va o’zbek tiliga “kerak/yaxshi bo’lardi” deb tarjima qilinadi:
   

• 
  You look tired. You should go to bed .
  
• 
  The government should do more to reduce crime.
  
• 
  “Should we invite Hasan to the party?” “ Yes, I think we should”
  

2. 
   “Should” ko’pincha “I think/I don’t think/Do you think …?” iboralari bilan ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  I think the government should do more to reduce crime.
  
• 
  I don’t think you should work so hard .
  
• 
  “Do you think I should apply for the job?” --“Yes, I think you should “
  

3. 
   <>--biror ish qilmasa yaxshi bo’lardi/qilmaslik kerak/biror ishni qilish yaxshi emas:
   

• 
  You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.
  

Note: “Should” modal fe’li “must”, “have to” kabi kuchli majburiyat mazmunini anglatmaydi:

• 
  You should apologise –Uzr so’rab qo’ysang yaxshi bo’lardi.
  
• 
  You must/have to apologise (=you have no alternative)—uzr so’rashing shart/majbursan. (Boshqa ilojing yo’q)
  

4. 
   “Should” noto’g’ri bajarilayotgan biror ishni qanday qilsa t’g’ri bo’lishini yoki so’zlovchi uning qanday sodir bo’lishini umid qilganligini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  I wonder where Zebo is. She should be here by now.
  
• 
  The price on this packet is wrong. It should be 2.50 $ , not 3. 50 $.
  
• 
  The man on the motorbike should be wearing a helmet.
  

5. 
   “Should’ biror ish sodir bo’lishini umid qilayotganligini yoki taxminini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  She has been sleeping hard for the exam, so she should pass.
  
• 
  There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be difficult to find somewhere to stay.
  

6.