Unit 1 the simple present s + V(e)s + O

May I have these postcards, please?

• 
  Biror ish qilishga ijozat uchun “can/could” yoki ”may”ishlatiladi:
  

• 
  (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Steve, please?
  
• 
  “Could I use your phone?” “Yes, of course”
  
• 
  Do you think I could borrow your bike?
  
• 
  May I come in?
  

Note: “May” modal fe’li “can/could” dan ko’ra ko’proq yozma nutqda ishlatiladi.

Biror ish qilishga ijozat olish uchun “Do you mind if…? “ yoki “Is it all right/ Is it Ok if I …” birikmalaridan ham foydalanish mumkin:

• 
  “Do you mind if I use your phone?” “Sure. Go ahead”
  
• 
  “Is it all right if I come in?” “Yes, of course”
  

• 
  Biror kishiga biron yordam taklif qilish uchun “Can I …”birikmasi ishlatiladi:
  

• 
  “Can I get you a cup of coffee?” “ That would be nice”
  
• 
  “Can I help you” “No, it’s all right. I can manage”
  

• 
  Biror narsani yoki biror joga taklif qilish uchun “Would you like…”birikmasidan foydalanish mumkin:
  

• 
  “Would you like a cup of tea?” “Yes, please”
  
• 
  Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening” “ I’d love to”
  

Note: “I’d like ….”o’z maqsadini muloyimlik bilan ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:

• 
  (at a tourist information office) I’d like some information about hotels, please.
  

UNIT 14. MUST / HAVE TO /NEED

1. 
   1. Kerak,muhim,lozim ,shart ma’nolarini anglatib,hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  We must go now Must you go tomorrow?
  
• 
  Don’t tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret.
  
• 
  We don’t have much time. We must hurry.
  

Note: Ish-harakatning shartligi haqida o’z fikrimizni aytganda,must ishlatiladi.

2.Must—modal fe’li biror narsaning chin,haqiqat ekanligiga aniq ishonch hosil qilib,o’z taxminini yoki biror narsadan xulosa chiqarganda ishlatiladi:

• 
  You have been travelling all day.You must be tired.
  
• 
  Jalil is a hard worker.You must be joking!He doesn’t work anything.
  
• 
  Hilola must get very bored in her job.She does the same thing every day.
  

I’m sure Salima gave me her phone number.I must have it somewhere.

3. 
   Must not(=mustn’t)— ta’qiqlangan holatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  You mustn’t tell anybody else. We mustn’t make any noise.
  

Note: needn’t—“biror narsa qilishning hojati yo’q/qilmasa ham bo’laveradi”degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:

• 
  You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to.
  
• 
  We have got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry .
  

4. 
   Must have (done)— biror faktga asoslanib,o’tgan zamondagi taxminni ifodalaydi:
   

• 
  I didn’t hear the phone. I must have asleep.
  
• 
  “I must have one of my gloves.” ”You must have dropped it somewhere”
  

Compare: must have(done)/can’t have (done)

• 
  I must have left my wallet in the car.(I’m sure I did)
  
• 
  He can’t have noticed you.(I’m sure he didn’t )
  

2. 
   MUST/ HAVE TO
   

• 
  1)Have to –biror ish qilishga majbur bo’lmoq/to’g’ri kelmoq:
  

• 
  You can’t turn right here.You have to turn left.
  
• 
  I have to wear glasses for reading.
  
• 
  Jobir can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work late.
  
• 
  Last week Madina broke her arm and had to go to hospital.
  
• 
  I have had to go to the doctor for ages.
  

2) So’roq va inkor gaplarda” do/does/did” yordamchi fe’llardan foydalaniladi(for present and past simple):

• 
  What do I have to do to get a new driving license?
  
• 
  Karima doesn’t have to work on Sundays.
  

3)<> modal fe’li “will” va “may/might” bilan birga ishlatilishi mumkin:

• 
  If the pain gets worse, you’ll have to go to the doctor.
  
• 
  I might/ may have to work late tomorrow evening.
  

4. 
   “Have to” o’rnida “have got to” ishlatilishi ham mumkin:
   

• 
  I have to work tomorrow ↔ I have got to work tomorrow.
  

5. 
   Must—modal fe’li ko’rsatma va buyruqlarga nisbatan ishlatilib, bunday holatlarda maxsus belgilar bilan ko’rsatiladi:
   

• 
  Dogs must be kept on a lead.
  
• 
  Cars must not be parked here.
  

6. 
   Yozma qoidalar va ko’rsatmalarda ko’pincha <> ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  Application for the job must be received by 18 May.
  
• 
  (exam instruction) You must write your answer in ink.
  

Note: “Must” modal fe’li <> bilan mazmunan o’xshash:

• 
  It’s later than I thought. I must go OR I have to go .
  

Note : “Must” modal fe’lining o’tgan zamon shakli yo’q shuning uchun <>dan foydalaniladi:

• 
  I had to leave early yesterday. (not : must )
  

Note: Demak, buyruq, ko’rsatma berganda must; majburiy holatlarga nisbatan have to ishlatiladi:

(in the mirror)My hair is long . I must get my hair cut .—(command yourself)

• 
  I have to get my hair cut. I have got an interview tomorrow-(circumstances)
  

3. 
   MUSTN’T / DON’T HAVE TO/ NEEDN’T
   

1. 
   Mustn’t –taqiqlangan holatga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  You mustn’t leave now (it is not allowed .It’s against the rules)
  

2. 
   Don’t have to—biror ishni bajarish shart emas degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  You don’t have to leave now(it is not necessary. You have a choice)
  

3. 
   Needn’t—biror ish qilishning hojati yo’q/qilmasang ham bo’laveradi degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  You can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t want to
  
• 
  We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry.
  

Note :<> o’rnida <>ishlatilishi mumkin:

• 
  We needn’t hurry = We don’t need to hurry.
  

Note :<> va <> ma’nosiga ko’ra <>ga sinonim hisoblanadi:

• 
  We’ve got plenty of time. We don’t have to hurry.
  

4. 
   Quyidagi birikmaning ishlatilishiga e’tibor bering: needn’t have + V3 va didn’t need to + V 1
   

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