Grammar essential grammar in use (Raymond Murphy)
— O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar
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Raymond Murphy (O\'zbek tilida)(1)
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- Otilgan mavzu boyicha misollar
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— O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar:
• She was playing tennis. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 22 • She wasn't watching television. • What were you doing at 11.30 yeterday? • I wasn't listening. • It was raining. • They were living in Canada. • I was working. • She wasn't wearing trousers. • The sun was shining. • The birds were singing. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 13: I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple) — Bu darsda oldingi o'tgan ikkita darsimiz takror qilinmoqda. — Demak, ingliz tilida o'tgan zamon fe'lining bir necha turlari bo'lib, biz hozirgacha ulardan ikkitasini o'rgandik. — Past continuous - davom etayotgan hozirgi zamon. Ya'ni, falon vaqtda falon voqea sodir bo'ldi emas, sodir bo'layotgan edi, demoqchi bo'lganimizda past continuousni ishlatamiz. — Davom etayotgan fe'llarda u hozirgi zamonda yoki o'tgan zamonda bo'lsa ham "To be" fe'li ishlatiladi. — Davom etayotgan hozirgi zamonda am/is/are, o'tgan zamonda was/were ishlatiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 23 — Past simple - oddiy o'tgan zamon. Ya'ni, biror ish harakat o'tgan zamonda davom etmayotgan, tugatilgan holatni ifodalashda biz past simpledan foydalanamiz. — Oddiy o'tgan zamonda ish-harakatni bildiruvchi so'zga so'zning shakliga qarab ied/ed/d qo'shimcha harflari qo'shiladi, irregular (noto'g'ri) fe'llar esa qo'shimchasiz to'liq boshqa so'zga o'zgaradi. — Oddiy o'tgan zamon fe'lida "To be" fe'li ishlatilmaydi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Jack was reading a book. • The phone rang. • He stopped reading. • He answered the phone. • What heppened? • Did you watch the film? • I started work at 9.00. • I was working. • I saw Lucy. • Joy fell asleep when she was reading. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 14: have/has (got) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 24 — Kimdadir yoki nimadadir biror narsa borligini ifodalash yoki borligini inkor qilish uchun egadan so'ng have/has so'zlarini ishlatishimiz mumkin. — Faqatgina 3-shaxs birlik (he/she/it)da "has" ishlatiladi, boshqa holatlarda "have" ishlatiladi. — Have/has so'zlari ortidan ko'pincha "got" so'zi qo'shiladi. • I have got a pen - Menda ruchka bor. • We have got a camera - Bizda kamera bor. • You have got a table - Sizda stol bor. • He has got a car - Unda mashina bor. • She has got a bicycle - Unda velosiped bor. • It has got a book - Unda kitob bor. — I've got, you've got, it's got kabi qisqartirib yozish ham mumkin. — Inkor qilmoqchi bo'lsak have/has so'zlaridan so'ng not ishlatamiz. • I have not got a TV - Menda televizor yo'q. — Agar savol bermoqchi bo'lsak have/has so'zlarini egadan oldinga o'tkazib, keyin egani, keyin "got"ni qo'yamiz. • Have I got a bool - Menda koptok bormi? • Has she got a phone - Unda telefon bormi? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 25 — Javob berishda ham savolda ishlatilgan funksiyaga qarab, qisqa javob berishimiz mumkin. • Yes, she has - Ha unda bor. • No, I have not - Yo'q, menda yo'q. — Undan ham qisqaroq qilib "No, he's not", "Yes, they've", "No, I haven't" kabi usullardan foydalanish mumkin. — Have/has faqat gap boshida emas, o'rtasi va oxirida ham kelishi mumkin. — How much money have you got? - Sizda qancha pul bor? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I have got blue eyes. • Tim has got two sisters. • They have got a horse • This car has got four doors. • I have got a headache. • I have got a motorbike. • It has got a garden. • Has Ann got q car? • Have you hot a camera? • Jony has got a sister and a brother. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 26 Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 15: I have done (present perfect 1 - hozirgi tugatilgan zamon) — Ingliz tilidagi zamonlarning turlaridan yana biri present perfect deyiladi. — Biror voqea o'tmishda boshlanib, hozir tugagan holat, yoki oldinroq sodir bo'lgan, hozir ma'lum bo'lgan. — Bu fe'lni ifodalash uchun egadan so'ng have/has so'zlarini ishlatib, harakat so'zlariga ied/ed/d o'tgan zamon qo'shimchalaridan birini qo'shamiz. • I have cleaned my shoes - Men poyafzalimni tozaladim( ya'ni, hozirgina tozalab bo'ldim, kecha yoki undan oldin emas, yaqin vaqt oralig'ida tozaladim). — Present perfectda irregular(noto'g'ri) fe'llarning uchinchi ko'rinishi ishlatiladi. — Noto'g'ri fe'llar uch xil ko'rinishda bo'lishini aytib o'tdik. 1. Infinitiv 2. Past simple 3. Past participle — Masalan, past participleda "go" - gone bo'ladi. Ba'zi noto'g'ri fe'llarning 2- va 3- ko'rinishlari bir xil bo'lsa, ba'zilari uchchala formati uch xil bo'ladi. Quyida o'sha noto'g'ri fe'llarning ba'zilarini keltiramiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 27 • be (am/is/are) - was/were - been • read - read - read • make - made - made • break - broke - broken • build - built - built • buy - bought - bought • do - did - done • drive - drove - driven — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • They have gone out. • I have cleanes my shoes. • I have lost my pasport. • She has gone to bed. • We have bought a new car. • They have finished. • I have bought her a present. • You haven't done work. • Has he gone? • I have done my homework myself. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 16: Have you ever ...? (present perfect 2 - hozirgi tugatilgan zamon) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 28 — Hozirgi tugallangan zamonda savol berish. • Have you ever been to Rome - Siz hech Rimda bo'lganmisiz? • Yes, I have, many times - Ha bo'lganman, ko'p marta. — Savol o'tgan zamondan to hozirga qadar bo'lgan muddat haqida so'ralyapdi. Voqea o'tgan zamonda bo'lgan, ammo ma'lumot hozirgi vaqtgacha bo'lgan zamonni ifodalaydi. — Ever (hech) bilan savol berilganda agar inkor qilmoqchi bo'lsak, "No, never" (yo'q, hech qachon) deyish kifoya qiladi. • I was looking for. Where have you been? - Men sizni qidirayotgan edim. Qayerda edingiz (shu paytgacha)? — Ushbu gap ham "present perfect" (hozirgi tugallangan zamon) hisoblanadi. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Have you ever been to Rome? • Have you ever been to Japan? • I have been to Canada. • Has Ann ever been to Australia • My mother has never travelled by air. • I have never ridden a horse. • Have you ever played golf? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 29 • Have you read this book? • I have seen the woman. • She has done many different jobs. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 17: How long have you ...? (present perfect 3 - hozirgi tugatilgan zamon) — Present perfectning davomi. • How long have you been in London? - Qachondan beri siz Londondasiz? — "How long" - qancha uzoq, qancha vaqt kabi tarjima qilinadi. Undan keyingi "have you" present perfectning "question" (savol) shaklida ishlatiladi. — Undan so'ng "To be" fe'li keladi. "To be" hozirgi zamonda am/is/are, oddiy o'tgan zamonda was/were, present perfectda esa 3-ko'rinish "been" shaklida keladi. — Demak, "How long have you been in London?" so'roq gapi shu tariqa hosil bo'ldi. — Javob berishda. • I have been in Londan since Monday - Men dushanbadan beri Londondaman, deyish mumkin. — Savolda "have you" deyilsa, javobda "I have" deyiladi. I va you o'rnida we, they, he, it kabi ko'rsatish so'zlari bo'lishi mumkin, javob berishda ham shunga qaraladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 30 — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • How long has she been in London? • How long has she lived in London? • How long have you been married? • How long have you known her? • How long have you had your car? • She has lived there all her life. • We have had it foe a year. • She has been in London for 2 years. • How long have you waited them? • How long has he studied English? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 18: For, since, ago — Present perfectda vaqtni ifodalash. — Biror hodisa yoki holat qachondan beri, qancha vaqt avval yohud qaysi voqeadan oldin sodir bo'lganini ifodalash uchun for/since/ago so'zlaridan biri ishlatiladi. — O'tgan zamondan to hozirgacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida ma'lum vaqt o'lchovi bilan belgilangan hodisani ifodalash uchun "for" qo'yiladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 31 — 4 yildan beri, 2 kundan beri, 6 soatdan beri, 3 haftadan beri, 1 oydan beri, 10 daqiqadan beri kabilar shular jumlasidandir. — Masalan: • Bobur has been in London for six days - Bobur olti kundan beri Londonda. — Present perfect qoidasiga ko'ra "I have" formulasidan foydalanamiz. "I" o'rnida Bobur, have esa 3-shaxsda "has"ga aylanadi. Keyin "To be" fe'lining 3-shakli "been" qo'yilyapdi. Keyin qayerdaligi yozilib, qachondan beriligi oxirida yozilyapdi. — Aniq bir vaqt ma'lum qilinib, o'shandan hozirga qadar, degan ma'no ifodalansa "for" o'rniga "since" qo'yiladi. — Dushanbadan beri, apreldan beri, 9-oktabrdan beri, 2010-yildan beri, soat 12:00 dan beri kabilar shular jumlasidan. — Ya'ni, boshlangan vaqti ma'lum qilingan, lekin hozirgacha qancha vaqt o'tgani ma'lum qilinmagan holatda "since" ishlatiladi. • Alisher has been in Canada since January - Alisher yanvardan beri Kanadada. — Hodisa hozirgi vaqtdan qancha oldin sodir bo'lgani ma'lum qilinayotganda "ago" (oldin) so'zi ishlatiladi. — 1 yil oldin, 3 oy oldin, 5 minut oldin va hokazo. • He arrived in London 4 days ago - U Londonga 4 kun oldin keldi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 32 — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Jill has been in London for four days. • Jill has been in London since Monday. • Barry has been in Canada since January. • Barry has been in Canada for six months • I have known her since 1980. • Susan started her new job two weeks ago. • Ten minutes ago. • I had dinner an hour ago. • Life was very diferent a hundred years ago. • She arrived in London four days ago. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 19: I have done (present perfect) and I did (past simple) — Ikkala zamonning farqi nimada? — Past simple - oddiy o'tgan zamon. Kecha yoki shunga o'xshash o'tgan zamonga oid vaqtda bajarilgan oddiy harakat bo'lib, u hozir davom etmayapdi. Hodisa o'tgan zamonning o'zida qolib ketgan. O'tgan zamonda davom etayotgani ham yo'q. • We arrived yesterday - Biz kecha yetib keldik (yetib kelayotgan edik yoki hozir yetib keldik emas). Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 33 — Savol berishda "did you" (nima qilyapsiz) shaklidan foydalanib, javob berishda "I did" (men qilyapman) ko'rinishida javob beriladi. — Noto'g'ri fe'llar ikkinchi ko'rinishda yoziladi. — Masalan: go - went, do - did, write - wrote va hokazo. To'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi. "Did" so'zidan keyingi so'zlarga "ed qo'shilmaydi, 2-shaklga ham o'zgarmaydi. — Present perfect - tugallangan hozirgi zamon. Hodisa o'tgan zamonda sodir bo'lib, hozirgacha davom etgan holat. • I have lost my key - Men kalitimni yo'qotib qo'ydim (ya'ni, haliyam topganim yo'q). — Present perfect have/has bilan ifodalanadi. Agar ularsiz yozilsa, past simple bo'ladi. I lost my key yesterday - Men kecha kalitimni yo'qotib qo'ydim. — Faqat 3-shaxs birlik (he/she/it)da "has", boshqa holatlarda have ishlatiladi. To'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi. Noto'g'ri fe'llar 3-formatda yoziladi. — Masalan: go - gone, do - done, write - written va hokazo. — Present perfect: • Have you ever been to Spain? (Siz hech Ispaniyada bo'lganmisiz?) — Past simple: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 34 • Did you go to Spain last year? (Siz o'tgan yili Ispaniyaga bordingizmi?) — Birinchi gapda hozirgacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida savol beryapdi. Demak, bu tugallangan hozirgi zamon. — Ikkinchi gapda o'tgan yili haqida so'rayapdi. Undan keyin hozirgacha hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q. Demak, bu oddiy o'tgan zamon. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I saw Jack yeterday. • We didn't have a holiday last year. • I got up at 7.15. • I had breakfast. • When did they arrived? • Have you ever been to Spain? • I have lost my key. • I lost my key yesterday. • Bill has gone home. • Have you seen Ann? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 20: It is done / It was done (passive - muallifi ko'rsatilgan va ko'rsatilmagan fe'llar) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 35 — Ishning bajaruvchisi ko'rsatilgan o'tgan zamondagi gaplar "active" deyiladi. Ishning bajaruvchisi ko'rsatilmagan gaplar "passive" deyiladi. — Quyidagi gapda ish bajaruvchiga ishora bor. • Somebody cleans the room every day - Kimdir xonani har kuni tozalaydi (active). — Bunisida esa ish bajaruvchiga ishora yo'q, faqat ishning o'zi haqida ma'lumot bor. • The room is cleaned every day - Xona har kuni tozalanadi (passive). — Yana misollar: • Somebody cleaned the room yesterday - Kimdir xonani kecha tozalagan. • The room was cleaned yesterday - Xona kecha tozalangan. — E'tibor bersangiz, "active" gaplarda am/is/are yoki was/were qo'yilmayapdi. "Passive"da esa hozir ham davom etayotgan harakat bo'lsa am/is/are, o'tgan zamonda qolib ketgan bo'lsa was/were qo'yiladi. — Bunday gaplar ham tugallangan hozirgi zamon bo'lgani uchun noto'g'ri fe'llar uchinchi formatda yoziladi, to'g'ri fe'llarga "ed" qo'shiladi. — "By" - "tomonidan" deganidir. • My brother was bitten by a dog last week - Mening akam it tomonidan tishlab olindi, yoki mening akamni it tishlab oldi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 36 — "Born" tug'ilmoq degani. — Misollar: • I was born in Uzbekistan - Men O'zbekistonda tug'ilganman. • My parents were born in Uzbekistan - Mening ota-onam O'zbekistonda tug'ilgan. • He was born in Ireland - U Irlandiyada tug'ilgan. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Butter is made from milk. • Oranges are imported into Britain. • How often are those rooms cleanes? • I am never invited to parties. • This house was built 100 years ago. • Those houses were built 100 years ago. • When was the phone invented? • I wasn't invited to party last week. • I was born in London in 1958. • We were woken up by the noise. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 21: What are you doing tomorrow? (present for the future - hozirgi zamonda kelasi zamon haqida) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 37 — Ingliz tilida ertaga, kechki payt, birozdan so'ng kabi kelasi zamonni bildiruvchi vaqtlarda nima qilmoqchiligingizni ifodalash yoki shu haqida savol berish "present for the future" deyiladi. — Buning uchun present continuous (davomiy hozirgi zamon) fe'lining "ing" qo'shimchasidan foydalanamiz. — Masalan: • I am playing tennis tomorrow - Men ertaga tennis o'ynayapman (o'ynayman, o'ynamoqchiman). — Demak buning uchun am/is/are ham ishlatiladi. — Savol berishda odatdagidek am/is/are egadan oldinga o'tadi. — Masalan: • Is he going to the cinema on Friday - U juma kuni kinoga ketyapdimi? • What are you doing tomorrow - Ertaga nima qilmoqchisiz? — Inkor qilish uchun doimgidek "not" qo'shamiz. • I am not playing football next week - Men keyingi hafta futbol o'ynamoqchi emasman. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 38 — Kelgusida rejalashtirilgan ish rasman ma'lum vaqtga ega bo'lsa, u holda bunday gap present simple (oddiy hozirgi zamon) usulida yoziladi. — Ya'ni, am/is/are qo'yilmaydi, harakat so'ziga "ing" o'rniga "s" qoshiladi. Savol berayotganda do/does ishlatiladi. • The concert starts at 7:30 - Konsert 7:30 da boshlanadi. • What time does the train leave? - Poyezd qachon jo'nab ketadi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Alice is going to dentist on Friday. • They are going to concert tomorrow evening. • Are you meeting Bill this evening? • What are you doing at the weekend? • I am not going out tonight. • I am staying at home. • I am going out this evening. • Are you going out tonight? • Ann is not coming to the party next week. • The concert starts at 7.30. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 22: I'm going to ... (men ... moqchiman) Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 39 — Kelgusida biror ishni qilmoqchi bo'lganingizni hozir ifodalasangiz "going to" birikmasidan foydalanasiz. — Bu judayam oddiy bo'lib, asosan o'tgan darsning davomi. Egadan so'ng am/is/are qo'yiladi, keyin "going to" yoziladi, keyin harakat so'zi, keyin boshqa so'zlar yoziladi. — Harakat so'ziga "ing" qo'shilmaydi, chunki "going to"dagi "ing" kifoya qiladi. — Misollar: • I am going to watch TV this evening - Men bu oqshom televizor ko'rmoqchiman. • He is going to have a bath - U vanna qabul qilmoqchi. • They are going to eat tomorrow - Ular ertaga ovqatlanmoqchi. — Inkor qilish uchun doimgidek "not" ishlatamiz. • I'm not going to cook a meal - Men ovqat pishirmoqchi emasman. — Savol berish uchun doimgidek am/is/are egadan oldinga o'tadi. What, when, how kabi so'roq gaplar bo'lsa gap boshida keladi. • Are you going to buy a car - Mashina sotib olyapsizmi? • What is he going to wear to the party on Monday - U dushanba kungi kechaga nima kiyib bormoqchi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 40 • I am going to buy some books tomorrow. • Sarah is foing to sell her car. • I am not going to have breakfast this morning. • What are you going to wear to the party? • I am going to wash it. • Are you going to invite John? • It is going to rain. • I am going to be late. • I am playing tennis with Jeck tomorrow. • She is going to watch TV. Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 23 va 24: will / shall (1,2) — Biror harakatni kelasi zamonda bo'lishi kutilayotgan bo'lsa egadan so'ng will/shall ishlatiladi. — Bo'ladigan hodisa aniq belgilanmagan, avvaldan rejalashtirilmagan. Hodisa tabiiy ravishda ro'y berishi kutilayotgan yoki hozirgina shu fikrga kelingan bo'ladi. • I will have breakfast - Men nonushta qabul qilaman (bu gap oldindan reja qilinganidan emas, qorin ochganidan kelib chiqqan). — Agar "I am having breakfast" bo'lganida reja qilingan harakat tushunilardi va ortida this morning - bu tong, tomorrow - ertaga kabi so'zlar qo'shilishi mumkin. U holda o'tgan darsdagi present for the future bo'lib qoladi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 41 — Bugungi mavzuyimiz esa undan farq qiladi, am/is/are qo'yilmaydi, harakat so'zlariga "ing" qo'shilmaydi. • My case is very heavy - Meni sumkam juda og'ir. • I will carry it for you - Men uni ko'tarishib yuboraman. • I will eat it - Men uni yeyman. • I think I will go out - O'ylaymanki men tashqariga chiqaman. — "I will" funksiyasidan oldin "I think" va "I don't think" jumlalaridan foydalansa bo'ladi. — Qisqartmasi: I will - I'll, we will - we'll, she'll va hokazo. — Savol berishda will/shall egadan oldinga o'tadi. • Will he eat - U ovqatlanadimi? — Inkor qilish "will not" (qisqartmasi: won't). • I won't sleep - Men uxlamayman. — Aniq vaqti belgilangan voqealarda will/shall qo'yilmaydi. • We're going to the market on Sunday - Biz yakshanba kuni bozorga ketyapmiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 42 — Shall faqat 1-shaxs (I va we)da ishlatilishi mumkin. Men yoki biz so'zlarida qo'llanadi. • I think we shall win - O'ylaymanki biz g'olib bo'lamiz. — Will esa barcha shaxslar uchun ishlatilaveradi. They will, he will, she will, it will va hokazo. — Falon joyda bo'laman demoqchi bo'lganda "be" (bo'lmoq) qo'shiladi. • I will (I'll) be in Paris - Men Parijda bo'laman. — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • Next year he will be 25. • Tomorrow she will be in Rome. • I will be at home. • The birds will eat it. • We will go out this evening. • Will you be at home this evening? • I won't be here tomorrow. • You won't sleep. • I think Diana will pass the exam. • Do you think the examination will be difficult? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 43 UNIT 25: Can and could • I can ride a horse - Ot minish qo'limdan keladi. — Misolda kelganidek, I, we, you, they, he, she, it so'zlaridan yoki gapning egasidan so'ng "can" qo'yilsa, qo'lidan keladi, bajarishni biladi kabi ma'noga ega bo'ladi. — Gap o'tgan zamon haqida ketayotgan bo'lsa, uning o'rniga "could" qo'yiladi. • He could to the meeting yesterday - U kechagi uchrashuvga kela oldi. — Ega o'rnida ismlar kelishi mumkin. • Akmal can swim - Akmal suzishni biladi. — Inkor formasi - cannot (qisqartmasi: can't), could not (qisqartmasi: couldn't). • I can't play the piano - Men pionino chalishni bilmayman (yoki qo'limdan kelmaydi desa ham bo'ladi). — Savol berish uchun doimgidek bu so'zlarni egadan oldinga o'tkazamiz. • Can you play - O'ynay olasizmi? • Can we speak English - Biz Inglizcha gapira olamizmi? Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 44 — Birortasiga iltimos qilayotganda can va could so'zlarini qaysi birini qo'llasak ham bo'laveradi. • Can you open the door, please? - Eshikni ochib qo'ya olasizmi, iltimos? • Could you open the door, please? - Eshikni ochib qo'ya olarmidingiz, iltimos? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • He can play the piano. • I can play the piano. • My brother can paly the piano too. • Ann can speak Italian. • She can't speak Spanish. • Can you swim? • When I was young, I could run fast. • She could speak British. • Bill and Jenny couldn't come to the party last week. • Could you open the door, please? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 26: May and might — Biror harakatni bajarish yoki hodisaning ro'y berish ehtimoli borligini bildirish uchun may/might so'zlarini ishlatamiz. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 45 — Kelasi zamonda may, o'tgan zamonda might qo'llanadi. • I may go to Paris - Parijga borishim mumkin. • It might rain - yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin edi. — Ko'p holatlarda may va might bir-birini o'rniga tushaveradi, ko'proq "may" ishlatiladi. — Savolga aylantirish uchun may/might egadan oldinga o'tadi. • May he smoke - U chekishi mumkinmi? — Inkor formasi may not va might not. Mayn't yoki mightn't deb qisqartma qilinmaydi. • I may not play tennis - Men tennis o'ynashim mumkin emas (taqiqlangan degan ma'noda emas, ehtimoli yo'q degan ma'noda). — Present for future - hozir kelasi zamon haqida, mavzusidan farqi, unda am/is/are va "ing" qo'shimchasi ishlatiladi. U hodisaning bo'lishi aniq deb tushuniladi. May/might darsimiz esa hodisaning bo'lish ehtimoli ko'p, bo'lishi mumkin ma'nosidagi gaplar haqida. • I am playing football tomorrow - Men ertaga futbol o'ynayapman (o'ynamoqchiman, aniq o'ynayman). • I may play football tomorrow - Men ertaga futbol o'ynashim mumkin. — May ruxsatni bildirib ham kelasi. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 46 • May I come in - Kirsam maylimi? — O'tilgan mavzu bo'yicha misollar: • I may go to Paris. • It might rain. • I may go to the cinema this evening. • I mingt go to the cinema this evening. • Take an umbrella. It may rain. • I am palying tennis tomorrow. • I may paly golf tomorrow. • Barbara might go to France next week. • I might not go to work tomorrow. • May I smoke? Eslatma: Mavzu o'z nihoyasiga yetdi, bu mavzuni to'liq o'zlashtirib bo'lib, keyingi mavzuga o'ting! UNIT 27: Must — Biror harakatning bo'lishi shartligini ifodalash uchun "must" so'zini ishlatamiz. — Bu so'z fe'ldan oldin keladi. Hozirgi va kelasi zamonda "must" ishlatiladi. • I must go to the bank now - Men hozir bankga borishim kerak. • I must go to the bank tomorrow - Men ertaga bankga borishim kerak. Ingliz tili | Noldan Raymond Murphy Ingliz tili | Noldan 47 — O'tgan zamonda must o'rniga "had to" qo'yiladi. • I had to go to the bank yesterday - Men kecha bankga borishim kerak edi. — "Must" so'zining inkor shakli must not, qisqartmasi mustn't. • I mustn't be late - Men kech qolmasligim kerak. — Need not (needn't) - shart emas degani. • The windows aren't dirty. You needn't clean them - Derazalar kir emas. Ularni tozalashing shart emas. — Need not (needn't) o'rnida do not need (don't need) ishlatsa ham bo'ladi. Ikkalasi bir xil ma'noga ega. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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