Ingliz tili grammatikasi

? Have/has + S + been + V_ing?


QO’LLANILISHI:

1. 
   Present Perfect Continuous o’tgan zamonda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Bu zamon uchun ish-harakatning sodir bo’lish vaqtini ko’rsatish zarur, bu zamonning vaqt ko’rsatkichlari:
   

For an hour – 1 soat davomida
For a moth – bir oy davomida
For a long time – uzoq vaqt davomida
Since yesterday – kechadan buyon\
Since five o’clock – soat 5 dan beri
Have long – qancha vaqt
Since when – qachondan buyon

M: I have been waiting for my brother for a long time

I have been reading this book since 5 o’clock
What have you been doing here since morning?
I have been preparing for my examination
How long has he been living in London?
Since when have you been working at this factory

2. 
   Umuman sodir bo’ladigan odatiy, doimiy egaga xos ish-harakat to’g’risida gap ketganda yuqoridagi vaqt ko’rsatkichlari bilan ish-harakatning davom etganligiga e’tibor berganimizda Present Perfect Continuous ishlatiladi, ammo ish-harakatning sodir etilganligi faktiga e’tibor berganimizda Present Perfect ishlatiladi
   

M: He has been living in London for 5 years
He has lived in London for 5 years

3. 
   Continuousda ishlatilmaydigan fe’llar Present Perfect Continuous o’rnida Present Perfectda ishlatiladi.
   

PAST PERFECT TENSE
(O’tgan tugallangan zamon)
YASALISHI:


+ S + had + V₃


- S + had + not + V₃


? had + S + V₃?


QO’LLANILISHI:

1. 
   O’tgan zamonning aniq bir vaqtiga qadar bajarib bo’lingan, tugallangan ish-harakatdir. Bu zamonni ishlatish uchun gap tarkibida o’tgan zamon payt ravishlari yoki ma’nosi bilan birgalikda Perfectni ifodalovchi payt ravishlari ham ishtirok etishi shart
   

Perfect ko’rsatkichi O’tgan zamon ko’rsatkichi
already yet yesterday
just by + vaqt 2 days ago
S + had never V₃ by that time last month
ever all day
hardly the whole day
barely once / twice
scarcely 2 days before

M: I had already known the news when he came

Parvina had never visited Bukhara by yesterday
She had hardly translated the text yesterday
Akmal had gone to school by 7 o’clock on Monday

2. 
   Agar payt ergash gapli qo’shma gap when bog’lovchisi bilan kelsa sodir bo'lib tugallangan ish-harakat Past Perfectda, undan keyingisi Past Indefiniteda bo’ladi.
   

M: When I had watched the film NNafisa phoned
It started raining when I had just arrived

3. 
   After = when - ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchisi bo’lganda bosh gap Indefiniteda, ergash gap Perfectda bo’ladi
   

M: After I have read the book I gave it to Parvina
After Nafisa had gone home I came to the party

! – After – so’ng ma’nosida kelsa navbatma-navbat ish-harakat kuzatilib, Past Indefinite ma’nosida ishlatiladi

M: I finished my homework after Parvina came

4.