P. Q. Habibullayev, A. Boydedayev, A. D. Bahromov
N an o texn o lo g iya h aqida tushuncha
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- VII bob. E lek tro m a g n it te b ra n is h la r va to lq in la r . R adioaloqa asoslari
- M ashqlarning javoblari M A S H Q L A R N I N G JA V O B L A R I 1-m ashq. 1. F= 2 ,8 8 - 10 -4 N. 2. F =
- R = 2 Q . 2 . / = 2 7 , 5 Q . 3 .R = 5 Q .
- M undarija M U N D A R I J A
- ( Laboratoriya ish i).... 54 III bob. Tokning ishi va q u w a ti
- H ABIBULLAYEV P O ‘LAT Q IR G 4 Z B O Y E V IC H , fizika-m atem atika fanlari doktori, 0 ‘z R F A a k a d e m ig i BO YDEDAYEV A H M A D JO N
- B A H R O M O V AKBAR D A LA BO Y EV IC H , fizika-m atem atika fanlari nom zodi FIZIKA
- R. Yorlaqabov Badiiv m u h a r r ir A. M usaxojayev Rassom va sahifalovchi M.Rahmatullayeva
- «Sharq» nashriyot-m atbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi bosm axonasi
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N an o texn o lo g iya h aqida tushuncha 20 -asrnin g 50-yillarida yaratilgan va b o r - y o ‘gi to 'rt arifmetik am aln i bajara oladigan dastlabki k o m p y u te r uy xonasidek joyni egallagan. Bu k o m p y u te r diod, triod kabi elektron lam p alard a ishlagan. 1950— 1970-yillardagi radio, televizor va boshq alar h a m asosan elektron lam palarda ishlar edi. Y a r im o ‘tkazgichlar fizikasi s ohasid a erishilgan y u tu q la r n atijasida 1970— 1980-y illa rd an b oshlab elek tro n lam palar o ‘rnini yarimo'tkazgichli diod, tranzistor kabilar egalladi. Radioelektronika sohasining taraqqiyoti natijasida integral sxemalar, m ikrosxem alar yaratildi. Bir necha m ' hajm joyni oladigan lampali sxema o 'rnini gugurt qutisi yuzasidek keladigan integral sxema egalladi. Ularning radiotexnikada qo'llanilishi natijasida hozirgi zam on 155 VII bob. E lek tro m a g n it te b ra n is h la r va to lq in la r . R adioaloqa asoslari radio-televizorlari, v id eo k a m era la r va videotelevizorlar, ko m p y u te rla rn in g yangi avlodi va b osh q a la r h a y o tim iz d a n o ‘rin oldi. R a d io e le k tr o n ik a d a y a rim o 'tk a z g ic h li e le m e n tla r d a n , integral s x e m a lard a n fo y d a la n ilis h i, b i r i n c h i d a n , r a d i o q u r il m a l a r , k o m p y u te r la r va b o s h q a la r n in g egallaydigan hajm ini kam aytirdi, ikkinchidan, ularning sifatini, funksiyasini yuksak darajaga k o ‘tardi, u c h in c h id a n , ular iste'm ol qiladigan elektroenergiyani niho yatd a kamaytirdi. Fan va texnika bir joyda to'xtam aydi, u do im o izlanishda va rivojlanishda b o la d i. Elektronika sohasi o ‘rganilishi va q o ila n ilis h i borgan sari m ikrolashib b o rm o q d a . Bu sohasining obyekti shu darajada kichiklashdiki, uning m ateriallarni o'rg anish o ‘lch a m i a to m va m o le k u la la rn in g o l c h a m i , u lar orasidagi m asofa darajasida b o l m o q d a . Bularning barchasi «nanotexnologiya» deb ataluvchi so h a n in g vujudga kelishiga va shiddat bilan rivojlanishga olib keldi. N anote x n o lo g iy an in g o 'zi nim a? Y u n o n c h a «nanos» ning m a 'n o s i «m itti» de m akdir. N a n o — m illiarddan bir ulushni bildiradi. M asalan, 1 m = 109 n m ( n a n o m e tr) yoki 1 n m = 10 9 m. A to m va m olekulalarning o i c h a m i , ular orasidagi masofa h a m deyarli shu tartibda b o l a d i . Bir n e c h a a to m la r d a n iborat tuzilm alardagi xossalarni va ularda sodir b o l a d i g a n jara y o n la rn i o ‘rganadigan va am alga tatbiq qilish usullarini o 'r g an a d ig a n y o ‘nalish nanotexnologiya deb ataladi. N a n o te x n o lo g iy a elektronika sohasi u c h u n z a ru r param etrli nanosistem alarn i yaratish ustida tatqiqot ishlarini olib boradi. Bunda o'rganilayotgan obyekt o i c h a m i 1—5 n m b o l g a n d a 1000 tac h a a to m , 5— 100 n m b o l g a n d a esa 10'— 10s ta a to m qam rab olinadi. 21 -asrda nanotexnologiya sohasi bilan birgalikda boshqa nanofanlar — nanofizika, n a no e le ktron ik a, n a n o k im y o , nanobiologiya, nanotibbiyot kabi sohalarning ha m t a r a q q iy o t i k u t il m o q d a . U la r n i n g b a rc h a s i e le k t r o n i k a , e n e r g e ti k a , a x b o ro t texnologiyasi, tibbiyot, m ah su lo tla r ishlab chiqarish va b osh q a soh alarning yuksak d arajada rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Bularning barchasi insoniyatning farovon hayot kechrishi u c h u n xizm at qiladi. ® 1. Uyali telefon haqida nim alarni bilasiz? Uning nomi qanday m a ’noni bildiradi? 2. Nima uchun uyali telefonning antennasi uzun emas? 3. Internetga ulanib, qanday ishlarni bajarish mum kin? 4. Elektronika sohasida erishilgan yutuqlarni aytib bering. 5. N anotexnologiya sohasi nima bilan shug'ullanadi? M ashqlarning javoblari M A S H Q L A R N I N G JA V O B L A R I 1-m ashq. 1. F= 2 ,8 8 - 10 -4 N. 2. F = 2 .2 5 - 1 0 4 N. 3. < 7 , = q2 = 10 4 Kl. 4. r = 6 sm. 2 -m a s h q . l . / l = 3 0 0 J. 2. <7=50 C. 3 . < / = 8 C ; я £ = 5 -10 14 ta. 3 -m a s h q . 1. / = 0 , 1 A. 2. <7 = 48 С; я £ = 3-1020 ta. 3 . / = 2 0 m i n ; 4. q = 180000 C. 4 -m a s h q . l . / ? = 0 ,8 5 Q . 2. N ikelindan. 3. Birinchi sim ning qarshiligi ikkinchisinikidan 300 m arta katta. 4. - 8,2 m arta. 5. / = 2,5 m. 6 . S - 0,5 m m 2. 5 -m a s h q . 1. (У = 6 V. 2. Л = 1 5 П . 3 . / ? = 4 4 0 Q . 4 . / ? = 4 4 0 Q . 5. U= 5,1 V; / = 50 m. 6 . / = 1,25 A. 6 -m ash q . 1 . / ? = 1 8 Q . 2 . / = 0 , 2 A. 3 . /,= 1 5 s m . 4. U2 = 44 V. 7 -m a s h q . 1. Ux- \ V; t / , = 2 V ; /? = 15£2; t / = 3 V . 2. £/, = £/,= 110 V. 3 . /= 0,2 A; £/,= 0,8 V; 2 V; £/3= 3,2 V. 4. я = 24 ta; / = 0,9 A; Я = 240 Q. 5. £/,= 165 V; “ / / , = 55 V. 8 -m a sh q . 1. R = 2 Q . 2 . /? = 2 7 , 5 Q . 3 .R = 5 Q . 4 . / ? = 2 7 Q ; / = 0,2 A; /, = 0,1 A; Д = 0,3 A. 5. R = 5 7 Q; /,= /,= 1,1 А; /,= /,= 0,55 А; / 5= / = 0 ,2 7 5 A ; 7 = 3 ,8 5 A. 9 -m a s h q . l . / l f = 288 kJ. 2 . £ = 5 4 J . 3. Л = 1 kJ. 4 . / = 5 A . 1 0 -m a sh q . 1. V = 2 , 2 kW. 2. W = l , l k W . 3. / = 17 A. 4 . /, = 0,7 A. 1 1 -m a sh q . 1 .(2 = 48 kJ. 2. 0 = 2 , 9 M J. 3. Nikelin. 4. £’= 2 8 , 5 k J . 1 2 -m a sh q . 1. / = 10 A; 22 m arta. 2 . / V = 2 , 2 k W . 3 . / ? = 9 7 £ 2 . 4 . V = 3 k W . 1 3 -m ashq. 1. Bardosh bera olmaydi. 2. S = 4 m m 2. 3 . /7= 242 V. 1 4 -m ash q . 1. /, = 22 mA; /,=3,6 mA. 2. W, = 4,84 W; N2 = 0,1 296 W. 3. 6 ^ = 20 V. 1 8 -m ashq. 1 .5 m arta. 2. 25 ta. 3. U ^~ 350 V. 19-m ashq. I . U2 = 44 V. 2. я, = 120 ta. 3. « ,= 6 ta; /, = 0,09 A; / , = 1,5 A. 4. Birinchi c h u lg 'a m d a g i o 'r a m l a r soni 27 m arta k o'p. 2 0 -m a s h q . 1. /, = 200 A; / , = 450000 A. 2. 5000000 m a rta ortiq. 3. 1-bosqichda n j n 2 = 14,3; 2 -b o s q ic h d a n j n 2 = 5,8; 3 -b o sq ic h d a n j n 2~ 27,3. 2 1 -m a s h q . 1. r = 5 1 0 4 s; v = 2 kH z. 2. 1 = 2,5 m H . 3 . C = 9 0 m k F . 2 2 - m a s h q . 1. X = 15000 km. 2. ? i = 9 4 s m . 3. r = 1 0 _ 7 s; v = 10 M H z . M undarija M U N D A R I J A K iris h .................................................................................................................................................................3 I bob. E lektr za ry a d la r. E lektr m aydon 1-§. Jism larn in g elektrlanishi ........................................................................................................... 4 2-§. E lektrom etr. O 'tk a z g ic h la r va i z o l a t o r l a r ............................................................................ 6 3-§. Elektr zaryad ................................................................................................................................ 8 4-§. Z a ry a d la n g an jism larn in g o 'z a r o ta'siri. K u lo n q o n u n i ....................................................11 5-§. E lek tr m a y d o n ........................................................................................................................... 14 6 -§. O 'tk a z g ic h la rd a elektr zaryadlarning ta q sim la n ish i............................................................16 7-§. T abiatdagi elektr hodisalari .................................................................................................... 18 I! bob. E lektr toki 8 -§. Elektr toki h aq id a t u s h u n c h a .................................................................................................... 21 9-§. T o k m a n b a la r i............................................................................................................................... 22 10-§. M etallard a elektr toki ................................................................................................................ 27 11 -§. Elektr k u ch lan ish va uni o 'lc h a s h ....................................................................................... 29 12-§. T o k kuchi va uni o ' l c h a s h ........................................................................................................ 31 13-§. Elektr zanjirni yig'ish, uning turli qismlaridagi tok kuchi va kuchlanishni o 'lc h a s h (Laboratoriya ishi) .................................................................................................. 33 14-§. Elektr qarshilik .......................................................................................................................... 34 15-§. Z a njirning bir qismi u c h u n O m q o n u n i ............................................................................ 38 16-§. O 'tka z gic h qarshiligini a m p e r m e t r va v o ltm e tr yord a m id a aniqlash ( Laboratoriya ishi) .................................................................................................................. 42 17-§. Rezistorlar. Reostatlar. P o t e n s i o m e t r l a r ................................................................................ 43 18-§. Reostat y o rd a m id a tok kuchini rostlash ( Laboratoriya is h i) ........................................... 47 19-§. O 'tk a z g ic h la rn i ke tm a -k e t ulash ........................................................................................... 48 20-§. O 'tk a z g ic h la rn i parallel ulash ..................................................................................................51 21-§. O 'tk a z gic hla rning ke tm a -k e t va parallel ulanishini o 'rga nish ( Laboratoriya ish i).... 54 III bob. Tokning ishi va q u w a ti 22-§. Elektr to k ining ishi ................................................................................................................. 56 23-§. Elektr to k ining q u w a t i ............................................................................................................ 59 24-§. L am pochkadagi tokning q u w a ti va sarflangan energiyani aniqlash ( Laboratoriya ishi) .................................................................................................................. 61 25-§. Elektr toki t a ’sirida o'tk a z g ic h la rn in g q i z i s h i .................................................................... 62 26-§. Elektr isitish asboblari ............................................................................................................. 65 27-§. X o n a d o n n in g elektr zanjiri. E ruvchan s a q l a g i c h l a r ......................................................... 70 28-§. X o n a d o n elektr zanjiridagi ulashlar ....................................................................................73 29-§. Elektr xavfsizlik choralari ........................................................................................................ 76 M undarija IV b o b . M a g n i t m a y d o n 30-§. M a g n e tiz m h aq id a dastlabki m a ’l u m o t l a r ........................................................................... 80 31 -§. T o k n in g m agnit m a y d o n i ....................................................................................................... 83 32-§. E le k tro m a g n itla r ......................................................................................................................... 87 33-§. E lektrom agnitni yig'ish va unin g ishlashini sinash ( Laboratoriya ishi ) ..................... 90 34-§. E lek tro m ag n it rele ..................................................................................................................... 90 35-§. Elektrom agnit releni yig'ish va u ning ishlashini sinash (Laboratoriya ishi )............... 93 36-§. M ag n it m a y d o n n in g to k k a t a ’s i r i ........................................................................................... 94 37-§. O 'z g a rm a s tok elektr dvigateli ............................................................................................... 96 38-§. O 'z g a rm a s tok elektr dvigatelini o 'rg a n ish ( m o d e ld a ) ( Laboratoriya ishi )................ 99 V b o b . E l e k t r o m a g n i t i n d u k s i y a 39-§. Induksion to k n in g vujudga k e l i s h i ..........................................................................................100 40-§. O 'z g a r u c h a n induksion t o k .......................................................................................................102 4 1-§. O 'z g a ru v c h a n tok g c n e r a t o r i ....................................................................................................106 4 2-§. E lektrostansiyalar .................................................................................................................... .. 111 4 3-§. O 'z g a ru v c h a n tokni tr a n s f o r m a t s i y a l a s h .............................................................................113 4 4-§. T ra n s fo rm a to rn in g tuzilishi va ishlashini o 'rg a n ish ( Laboratoriya is h i) ...................117 4 5-§. Elektr energiyani uzatish ..................................................................................................... .. 118 VI b o b . Y a r i m o ' t k a z g i c h l a r 4 6 -§. Y a rim o 'tk a z g ic h la rn in g asosiy x u s u s i y a t l a r i ......................................................................122 4 7 -§. Y a rim o 'tk a z g ic h la rn in g tuzilishi .......................................................................................... 124 4 8 -§. A ralashm ali y a rim o 'tk a z g ic h la r .......................................................................................... 127 49-§. Y a rim o 'tk azg ich li dio d ........................................................................................................... 130 50-§. Y a rim o 'tk azg ich li dio d y o rd a m id a tokni to 'g 'rila sh (Laboratoriya ishi) .................. 133 5 1-§. T ranzistor. Diod va tran zisto rn in g q o 'l l a n i l i s h i ................................................................ 133 VII b o b . E l e k t r o m a g n i t t e b r a n i s h l a r v a t o ‘l q i n l a r . R a d i o a l o q a n i n g f i z i k a s o s l a r i 52-§. T e bra nish k o n tu ri .....................................................................................................................136 53-§. E le ktrom a gnit te b ra n ish la r ....................................................................................................138 54-§. E lektrom agnit to 'lq in la r ...................................................................................................... 142 55-§. E le ktrom a gnit to 'lq in la rn i tarqatish va qabul q i l i s h ........................................................144 56-§. R a d io a lo q a n in g fizik a s o s l a r i ..................................................................................................147 57-§. T ele k o 'rsa tu v n in g fizik a s o s l a r i .............................................................................................. 151 58-§. Hozirgi z a m o n aloqa v o s i t a l a r i ............................................................................................. 153 M ash q la rn in g javoblari .............................................................................................................. 157 H ABIBULLAYEV P O ‘LAT Q IR G 4 Z B O Y E V IC H , fizika-m atem atika fanlari doktori, 0 ‘z R F A a k a d e m ig i BO YDEDAYEV A H M A D JO N , fizika-m atem atika fanlari n o m z o d i. T D P U professori B A H R O M O V AKBAR D A LA BO Y EV IC H , fizika-m atem atika fanlari nom zodi FIZIKA 8 -sinf Fizikaga ixtisoslashgan sinflar u c h u n o 'q u v q o 'I la n m a EL EK TR Davlat budjeti hisobidan maktab kutubxona zaxirasi uchun chop etildi «Sharq» nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi Bosh tahririvati T o s h k e n t—2008 M u h a r r ir R. Yorlaqabov Badiiv m u h a r r ir A. M usaxojayev Rassom va sahifalovchi M.Rahmatullayeva T exnik m u h a r r ir D.Gabdraxmanova M u s a h h ih la r J.Toirova, M.Ziyamuhamedova Bosishga ruxsat etildi 10.01.08. Bichimi 70 x 90 ' / |6. «TimesUz» garniturasi. Ofset bosm a. Shartli bosm a t a b o g i 11.7. Nashrivot hisob tabog'i 9,2. B uyurtm a № 4253. Adadi lOOOOnusxa. Bepul. «Sharq» nashriyot-m atbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi bosm axonasi, Download 263.75 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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