Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
6.2 Intratextual coherence
A message can be regarded as ‘understood’ if the recipients can interpret it as sufficiently coherent in itself and with their (reception) situation. In plain English, we would say: if it makes sense to the recipients in a given situa- tion (a message cannot make sense in general). This statement refers to the producer’s intention in two ways: the message should be coherent ‘in itself’ and ‘sufficiently’ coherent with the situation in which it is received, the latter aspect being the crucial one. Roughly speaking, we can say that ‘understand- ing’ means to relate something to one’s own situation and the background knowledge it implies (with regard to ‘relating’ something to something else [Zuordnung] cf. Vermeer 1972: 32-33). Understanding is confirmed by feed- back. If the feedback can be interpreted by the producer as sufficiently coherent in itself and with his action and his (producer) situation, it can be said that the producer and the recipient ‘are communicating’, i.e. they are exchanging and, if necessary, adjusting the signals they are using to show that they have understood. Communicating is more than just confirming understanding; it is a pro- cess of interaction. Communicating is stronger than understanding. It means that the producer confirms to the recipient that the latter has understood him correctly. In translation, the translator has to seek communication (‘consulta- tion’ with the author) as far as possible. But understanding is what matters. As Apel aptly puts it: An interpretation of a poet’s work by the literary scholar cannot be replaced by an interview with the author on his ‘intentions’. 48 Coherence is not the same as agreement (in the sense of approval); it is a weaker ‘I believe I have understood’, i.e. ‘this can be interpreted by the re- 48 Auch eine Dichterauslegung in der Literaturwissenschaft kann nicht durch ein Interview mit dem Autor über seine sog. Intentionen ersetzt werden. (Apel 1975: 28) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 99 cipient’. With regard to “coherence” cf. Titzmann (1977: 186 and 188-9) and Festinger (1957: 12-3 on “consonance”). Hirsch (1967: 209-14 and 292-3) points out that coherence implies a her- meneutic circle: sections of a text are interpreted on the basis of the assumed sense of the whole text, but the sense of the whole text can only be construed from the sections themselves. The consideration of extratextual factors leads to a “most probable” coherence (Hirsch 1967: 293-4). However, judgments about probability are necessarily linked only to the evidence on which they are based [with a reference to Keynes 1962: 3-9]. As the reality in questions is partly unknown, we may conclude that a judg- ment about probability can be perfectly correct with regard to known evidence and at the same time completely incorrect with regard to the unknown reality (Hirsch 1967: 222). Persons interpreting a message are interested in relating it to their reality. For the understanding preceding a translational action, Hirsch’s statement means that (1) understanding is merely provisional, and (2) translating/interpret- ing is not transcoding, as the relationship between known and unknown varies from one culture to another, and the translator has to take this into account. What we are referring to by coherence is called “truth” (verdad) by Una- muno ([1912]2005: 104): We call a concept true which agrees with the general system of all our concepts; and we call a perception true which does not contradict the system of our perceptions. Truth is coherence. But as regards the whole system, the aggregate, as there is nothing outside of it of which we can have knowledge, we cannot say whether it is true or not. (With regard to the relativity of the concept of truth cf. Marten 1972). What we define as ‘sufficiently’ coherent depends on the individual circum- stances. An incoherence intended by the producer must be marked in the text (cf. above, 6.1., with regard to intended provocation). Such incoherence would have to be preserved in the translational action if it is in line with the translation purpose. In the case of an incoherence produced unintentionally by the author (e.g. a typo), however, it depends on the translation purpose whether or not the incoherence must/may be reproduced in the translatum. For example: Homer writes that Odysseus uses a pointed olive club, whose narrow end he has sharpened to a fine point and, according to the text, hardened in the fire, to blind Polyphemus. (Cf. Fitzgerald’s Eng- lish prose translation, Homer 1963). Of course, a wooden club would have scorched. Such a factual incoherence is usually not removed in |
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