Comments - refer to paragraphs (1) - (21) above Paragraph (5). A document received in Russia after graduation from an institute
or university is called диплом, which nonetheless cannot be translated here as
"diploma" because diploma in western countries usually certifies lower academic
qualifications than in Russia. The Russian literal equivalent of the word "degree"
is степень. This Russian term is used to define higher academic levels than just
a Bachelor's degree.
To be called учёный - "scientist" in Russia, you should have at least степень кандидата наук. The literal translation of this term is "degree of
candidate of sciences", which for practical purposes can be equated to a Master's
degree (some scholars think that the more appropriate equivalent is PhD).
Thus, Russian кандидат экономических наук should be considered in the
West as a person with a Master's degree (or even PhD) in economics. In a similar
way, an Englishman holding a PhD in Engineering on Russian soil becomes
кандидат or even доктор технических наук ("doctor of technical sciences").
The latter is a higher degree, which is awarded for outstanding scientific
contributions.
Paragraph(11). "
Гипросвязь" is an acronym for Государственный Институт по проектированию связи (literally: "state institute for the design of
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communications facilities"). Many design organizations have (or at least had in
the past) similar acronyms. For example, "
Гипрокино" - Государственный Институт но проектированию кинотеатров, i.e. state institute for the design
of cinema theatres; or "
Гипроторг" - Государственный Институт по
