Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- Part II Specific theories
8.3 Taxonomy
To sum up, we propose a taxonomy for a general theory of translational action. (1) Metatheory 1.1 Definition of ‘translational action’ ( 1.) 1.2 Theoretical groundwork, based on the relevant parts of linguistic pragmatics and placing strong emphasis on cultural anthropology ( 2., cf. ‘intercultural communication’ as an action concept). (2) Theory 2.1 Introduction of a model of translational action on the basis of a general model of interaction ( 3.1.). This model encompasses the follow- ing submodels: production theory, reception theory, (re-)production theory (i.e. theory of translational action in the strict sense), transfer theory (Vermeer 1983b). 2.2 Set of rules ( 7.) This page intentionally left blank 9. The relationship between source text and target text The considerations set out in Part I have led us to the following conclusions: • The relationship between the source text and the target text is not an exact mapping of text elements. The general principle is that a set X of source values has to be represented by a set Y of target values. This can imply both losses and gains. • The term ‘value’ is used to clarify that translational action does not focus on linguistic, let alone formal linguistic phenomena alone; rather, trans- lational action is a cultural transfer process which includes a linguistic transfer. It is extremely doubtful whether there is any point in measuring the deficits and surpluses of the target text compared with the value of the source text. The target text (translatum) has its own purpose (skopos). Translating is not concerned with the uniqueness and comparability of languages (as the title of Wandruszka’s book Sprachen – vergleichbar und unvergleichlich 50 would seem to suggest, although the author himself, at least in part, has something different in mind); nor does it mean sacrificing certain aspects of the source text in favour of oth- ers; and it has nothing to do with the traduttore-traditore or ‘traitor-translator’ of the Italian saying. A simple reflection can bring things into perspective (it is surprising that this was not recognized as a truism long ago). A source-text producer offers information to a (real or virtual) set of re- cipients (in rare cases, the set may be N = 1). This action is governed by the expectations the producer has regarding the recipients and their situation(s). If this source text is then translated, the translator must first ‘receive’ the source text, i.e. he is, if we wish to couch it in complicated scholarly terms, one ele- ment of the set of recipients. As a producer of a target text (translatum), the translator then informs a (real or virtual) set of target recipients about the source offer of information. According to our assumptions ( 3.), the information is passed on in the form of a ‘translation’. This action is governed by the expecta- tions of the translator (and his commissioners) about the target recipients and their situation(s). It is obvious that these expectations, and consequently the information offered to the recipients, are bound to differ from those concerning the first offer with regard to form, content, quantity, values, etc. because the target and source recipients belong to different culture and language commu- nities, and cultures and languages constitute specific systems ( 2.). The 50 Literal translation: ‘Languages: comparable yet unique’; an English translation of the book is not available. ((Translator’s note) The relationship between source text and target text 114 essential point is that the information offered to the target recipients is different from that offered to the source recipients. Accordingly, it is not possible for translators to offer the same quality and, as far as possible, the same quantity of information, nor would they attempt to do this (unless they are explicitly asked to do so for purely scientific reasons, which is conceivable, but would definitely lead to a rather surprising result if we think it through). Translators will instead try to do their job as best as they can and, in line with the require- ments of the skopos, offer as much information as they think is necessary in a form which they consider to be appropriate in view of the expectations of the target recipients vis-à-vis the translation of a particular source text. A translator does not offer more or less information than a source-text producer; a translator offers different information in a different way (cf. Soellner 1980). Note: in the following chapters, our main focus will be on translating (on terminology 1.). As our considerations could basically be applied to inter- preting as well, we may sometimes use the term ‘translational action’ for the sake of variation. |
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