Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Towards a definition of equivalence
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
10.1 Towards a definition of equivalence
In theoretical discussions on the concept of equivalence, there have been vari ous attempts to define the relationship to which it refers and to discuss the 51 C’est ainsi que […] on a vu apparaître des modèles traductologiques procédant par ‘idéa lisation’ et mettant en avant une idée paradoxalement prescriptive d’équivalence, en quelque sorte désincarnée, entre le textesource et le textecible. Un tel concept d’équivalence apparaît bien problématique: il désigne la difficulté beaucoup plus qu’il ne contribue à la résoudre. Dans la pratique, on pourra lui substituer l’idée d’approximation, plus explicite ment investie par la subjectivité du traducteur […]. (Ladmiral 1981: �91) (Ladmiral 1981: �91) Equivalence and adequacy 116 possibility of achieving it, by finding the appropriate terminology. The most detailed accounts of these attempts are given by Wilss ([1977]1982: 1�457) and Koller (1979: 18691). We shall discuss only a few of these attempts, with a particular focus on their limitations. What is usually called equivalence today is referred to as “achievementoriented translating” by Güttinger (196�). Ac cording to him, the aim of any act of translation (we shall relativize this later, 10.4.2.) is that the target text must be able to “achieve”, in its communication with the target recipients, what the source text achieved in its communication with the source recipients, i.e. it must convey the same information and have the same effect. One of Güttinger’s examples, which is often quoted, is the sign Über- schreiten der Geleise verboten found along German railway tracks. A semantically correct translation into English, says Güttinger, would be It is forbidden to cross the lines. It conveys the same information, but it does not have the same effect as it would seem rather strange to an Englishspeaking person. To have the same effect, the more usual English expression Don’t cross the lines would be an appropriate translation. This example shows that for “achievementoriented translating”, i.e. in order to accomplish equivalence, it is of – overriding – importance to take the prag matic dimension of the linguistic signs into account as well. In contrast, Jakobson ([1959]2004), who according to Wilss ([1977]1982: 1�8) was the first to apply the concept of equivalence to translation, coined the expression “equivalence in difference”. It is a simple description of the fact that, despite all the “differences” caused by the (different) structures of the target language, translation should aim to establish an overall relation of equivalence between the source and the target texts. That the two texts be identical is not logically possible and, due to the specific characteristics of the two linguacultural systems involved, congruity or an exact match is not a viable relationship either. However, Jakobson does not discuss how this weaker relationship of equivalence can be achieved and what exactly it refers to. Moreover, Jakobson completely ignores pragmatic and cultural divergences in favour of linguistic differences. When Kade (1968; cf. Wilss [1977]1982: 1�5) postulates that a translation must achieve “invariance (= no change) at content level”, he overlooks the fact that, apart from content or even ‘sense’, i.e. contentinsituation (for termin ology see Vermeer 1972), a text also possesses form and effect. Moreover, if these are radically changed in translation, there can hardly be an “invariance of values” (i.e. “Gleichwertigkeit”, as Jumpelt 1961: 45 still calls it) or a general equivalence relationship between the two texts per se. Koller (1972: 114), on the other hand, demands “invariance of effect”, a Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 117 concept which is both too generic and too specific because invariance of ef fect in different receptions of a text may be difficult to achieve, even within the same language area. For example: if we read Goethe’s Faust today, the effect the text has on us will be different from the effect it had on Goethe’s contempor aries, even though this may only be due to the fact that we seem to encounter familiar phrases and formulations on almost every page. A student once expressed it like this: “This is just a collection of quotes which does not impress me at all!” Along the same lines, an American girl said about Shakespeare that “he is full of quotations”. As a translation of Mach die Tür zu!, the utterance ‘Close the door, please’ could have the same effect on a recipient as ‘There is a terrible draught!’, and yet we would not regard the latter as an equivalent of the German phrase because it lacks the “stylistic equivalence” demanded by Popovič (1971; cf. Wilss [1977]1982: 1�5). However, stylistic equivalence alone would not be sufficient to achieve a generally equivalent target text because style is only one of the many aspects that constitute a text. It may be true that it is the lack of stylistic equivalence which prevents the German translation from being a complete equivalent of the Spanish source text in the following example: (1) ‘¡Te he dicho muchas veces que no necesito consejos!’ gritó Don Eugenio. (Alarcón (Alarcón: El Sombrero de Tres Picos [1874]1971) (Literally: I have told you many times that I do not need advice!) (1a) Ich habe dir schon wiederholt gesagt, daß ich auf deine Ratschläge scheiße! schrie Don Eugenio. (Trans. DrawsTychsen (Trans. DrawsTychsen 1954) (Literally: I have told you repeatedly that I shit on your advice!) But it would be equally true that the following translation, which Stackelberg (1978: 95) regards as adequate (apart from the change of function), does not achieve equivalence because, in spite of being stylistically equivalent, the change of a critical element of its content in one passage leads to a change of all the associations related to it as well. (2) La Nuit: Siedil bien à des Dieux de dire qu’ils sont las? Mercure: Les Dieux sontils de fer? (Molière (Molière: Amphitryon [Prologue]) NIGHT: Does it become the Gods to say they are tired? MERCURY: Are the Gods made of iron? (Trans. A. R. Waller) (2a) Die Nacht: sich müd zu nennen, ziemt das einem Gott? (Literally: (Literally: To admit to fatigue, does this befit a God?) Equivalence and adequacy 118 Merkur: Sind Götter denn von Stein? (Literally: Are Gods made of (Literally: Are Gods made of stone?) (Trans. A. Luther, 1959; the English equivalent of this German idiom would be: Are Gods made of flint?) The question is not whether Gods have no feelings (are made of stone / flint) but whether they are allowed to admit that they are exhausted from their work. Another translation renders the same passage as: (2b) Sind Götter denn von Stahl? (Literally: Are gods made of steel?) Again, the content has been changed slightly: iron is not the same thing as steel. However, in everyday language use, both with regard to French and to German, the two idioms are equivalent not only with regard to the associations they are supposed to trigger but also with regard to their metrical qualities (fer / Stahl), which is important in this text type. To conclude, we shall also mention Catford’s (1965:49) definition of equiva lence because it is often quoted: “In total translation SL [source language] and TL [target language] texts or items are translation equivalents when they are interchangeable in a given situation”. Apart from the fact that it does not take linguistic or cultural sign values into account, we believe that this def inition exclusively applies to interpreting because it is only here that can we speak of “a given situation” in which both the source and the target texts are simultaneously used for interlingual communication. Any written translation, however, is characterized precisely by the fact that the target text is used for communication in a different situation. To sum up this short discussion of definitions, we can say that all the conceptualizations suggested by the authors we have mentioned here refer to equivalence as a specific relationship between a source text (or sourcetext element) and a target text (or targettext element). However, these definitions are either not sufficiently differentiated or they only address particular aspects of textual equivalence. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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