Boshlang'ich sinflarda matematika o'qitish metodikasi
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4. Matematika darsini о ‘tkazish
M a te m a tik a d a rs in in g re ja y o k i m a tn i o ‘q itu v c h ig a o ‘q u v c h ila r b ila n b a ja ra d ig a n is h tu r in in g u m u m iy y o ‘n a lis h i v a k e tm a - k e tlig i, m is o lla r, a lg e b ra ik ifo d a n a m u n a la rin i k o ‘r s a tib tu ra d i. 0 ‘q ituvchi d ars o ‘tishda tu z g an reja yoki m atn d an erkin foydalanadi, b a ’z a n tu z g an rejasidan c h e k k a g a ch iq ish zarurati tu g ‘iladi. M asalan , o ‘q u v ch ilar o ‘q itu v c h in in g bay o n in i tush u n ish i qiyini boMsalar, q o ‘sh im ch a tushuntirish o ‘tkazadi, o ‘q u v ch ilar tu sh u n ish g a q iy n a lg an b o ‘lsalar zaruriy y o rd am k o ‘rsatadi. B ilim lam i m u stah -k am lash u c h u n ba- ja rilg a n m a sh q la r y etarli b o ‘lsa, b a ’zilarini q o ldirish m um kin. B ilim lam i o ‘q u v ch ilar q an d ay tushu n g an lig in i b ilish m a q sad id a s o ‘rash, to p sh iriq la m i bajarishini tekshirib k o ‘rish m um kin. 5. Matematika darsini tahlil qilish B o s h la n g N c h s in f la rd a m a te m a tik a d a n d a rs n i ta h lil q ilis h v a b a - h o la s h b irin c h i n a v b a td a u n in g t a ’lim -ta rb iy a v iy a h a m iy a tin i k o ‘rs a - ta d i. S h u n in g u c h u n d a rsn i q a y d a ra ja d a tu z ilg a n lig in i v a o ‘tilg a n - lig in i, h o z irg i z a m o n p s ix o lo g ik -p e d a g o g ik ta la b la r d a ra ja s id a q a n d a y b a ja r ilg a n lig in i v a a s o s iy d id a k tik ta m o y illa rin i q a n d a y q o N la n g a n lig in i k o ‘rs a tis h k e ra k . D a rs ta h lilid a u n in g m a z m u n i, v a q tn in g ta q sim lan ish i, ish b a ja rish usu llari, q o ‘lla n ilg a n k o ‘rg a z m a va b o sh q a d id a k tik v o sita la m i k o ‘rsatish z a m r. D a rsn in g h a r b ir to m o n i o ‘q u v c h ila r fao liy atin i q a n d a y y o ‘n altirish in i, u n d an qay si o ‘rin d a fao llik va m u staq illik b u zilg an in i, h ay a jo n la n ish b o ‘lg a n -lig in i, b o sh q a ta rb iy a v iy to m o n la r a m a lg a o sh irg an lig in i e ’tib o rg a o lish kerak. D a rs ta h lili q u y id a g i y o ‘n a lis h d a y o ritilis h i m u m k in : 1. D a r s n in g a s o s iy d id a k tik m a q s a d in i tu s h u n tiris h v a a s o s la s h . B u n d a m a v z u b o ‘y ic h a d a r s la r tiz im id a ta h lil q ilin g a n d a rs n in g о ‘m i v a a h a m iy a ti, b o s h q a d a r s la r b ila n b o g N iq lig i, d a r s n in g m a z m u n in i b a h o la s h v a t o ‘g ‘ri tu s h u n tirilis h i, u n in g tiz im i, is h d a g i m e to d v a u s u lla ri k o ‘rsa tila d i. 20 a rs m a z m u n in in g ta h lili. a rs m a z m u n in i ta h lil q ilis h d a h is o b la s h m a s h q la rin i q a n d a y la g a n lig i, m a te m a tik tu s h u n c h a la m i a rifm e tik m a s a la la r y e c h is h - q a r a tilg a n v a b o s h q a m a s h q la m i b a ja r is h g a b e r ila d ig a n m e to d ik a h o d a q u y id a g ila m i e ’tib o rg a o lis h z a ru r: a ) b e r ilg a n b ilim la rn in g ilm iy lig i v a y e ta r lic h a q a t ’iy lig i; b ) o ‘r g a n ila d ig a n m a te r ia ln in g p u x ta lig i v a tu s h u n ilis h d a ra ja s i, ish ja r a y o n id a o ‘q u v c h ila r n in g y e ta rlic h a v a z ifa b ila n ta m in la n - g a n lig i; d ) d a r s m a te r ia lin in g t a ’lim -ta r b iy a v iy m a q s a d g a ta a llu q lilig i; e ) o ‘q u v m a te ria li m a z m u n i d a rs n in g b a rc h a q is m la rin i t a ’m in la s h d a ra ja si. 3. 0 ‘q u v c h ila r f a o liy a tin i ijo d ilik k a y o ‘n a ltiris h . D a r s d a n e c h ta o ‘q u v c h i fa o l q a tn a s h g a n lig in i v a m u s ta q il f a o liy a t k o ‘rs a tg a n lig i, u n g a q a n d a y y o ‘l b ila n e ris h is h z a ru rlig in i a n iq la s h : a ) o ‘q u v m a te r ia lin i, s h u n in g d e k , is h m e to d in i v a u s u lla r in i ta n - la sh , o ‘q u v c h ila m in g y o s h i, u la rd a g i b ilim , m a la k a v a k o ‘n ik m a la r d a r a ja s in i h is o b g a o lis h ; b ) o ‘q u v c h ila r n in g in d iv id u a l v a ja m o a b o ‘lib b a ja r g a n is h la rin i h is o b g a o lis h ; d ) o ‘q itis h d a d iffe r e n s ia l y o n d o s h is h ; e ) y a n g i m a te m a tik tu s h u n c h a , y a n g i h is o b la s h q is m la r i, m a s a la la r y e c h is h n in g y a n g i u s u lla ri b ila n ta n is h tiris h , b ilim v a m a la k a la m i is h la b c h iq is h d a o ‘tilg a n m a te ria ln i m u s ta h k a m la s h g a y o ‘n a ltir ilg a n is h la r e ’tib o rg a o lin a d i; f) d a r s n in g h a r b ir q is m ig a v a q tn in g ta q s im la n is h i. 4. D a r s d a q o N la n ila d ig a n k o ‘r g a z m a v a d id a k tik q o ‘lla n m a - la m in g a h a m iy a tin i k o ‘rsa tish . 5. D a rs n a tija s in i re y tin g i (b a h o la s h ). B a h o la s h n in g m u h im b el- g ila rid a n b iri sh u k i, d a rs o ‘z m a q s a d ig a e ris h g a n lig i, h a r b ir o ‘q u v c h ig a to N a lig ic h a m u s ta q il ish b a ja r tirilg a n lig i, u la r b a rc h a s i o ‘q itu v c h i ra h b a rlig id a a m a lg a o s h ir ilg a n lig i k o ‘rs a tila d i. D a rs n i ta h lili q ilis h d a sh u n a rs a n i e ’tib o r g a o lis h z a ru rk i, o ‘q u v c h ila m i o ‘q itis h v a ta rb iy a la s h n in g p e d a g o g ik ja r y o n la r i b i r m a q s a d g a q a r a tilg a n b o ‘ls a , d a rs t o ‘g ‘ri b a h o la n a d i. B o s h la n g N c h m a te m a tik a k u rs in in g e n g m u h im x u s u s iy a ti u n in g a m a liy y o ‘n a lg a n lig id ir. A g a r y u q o ri s in f la rd a m a te m a tik a d a s tu rin - 21 in g b a ’zi m a s a la la ri n a z a riy x a ra k ty e r d a boM sa, b o s h l a n g M c f l e ta b d a h a r b ir y a n g i tu s h u n c h a , x o s s a , q o n u n a m a liy fa o liy a t ja s id a v a a m a liy fa o liy a t u c h u n k iritila d i. M a s a la n , V II s i n f * o ‘q u v c h ila m in g t o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u rc h a k tu s h u n c h a s in i o ‘z l a s h t i r i s h l a r l u la r e n d ilik d a t o ‘g ‘ri t o ’r tb u rc h a k t a ’rifin i b ilis h la rin i, u n in g a lo m a t- la rin i m a n tiq iy k e ltirib c h iq a r is h n i v a b a ’z i x o s s a la rin i is b o tla s h n i b ilis h la rin i, t a ’r ifi, a lo m a tla ri v a x o s s a la r ig a d o ir a m a liy m a s a la la m i y e c h is h u c h u n fo y d a la n a b ilis h la rin i b ild ira d i. B o s h la n g N c h s in f la rd a 0 ‘q u v c h ila r t o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u rc h a k n in g q a r a m a -q a rs h i to m o n la r i te n g lig in i o i c h a s h y o ‘li b ila n a n iq la y d ila r v a t o ‘g ‘r i to ’r tb u rc h a k n i y a s a s h , u n in g p e rim e tri v a y u z in i o N c h a sh v a h is o b la s h n i o ‘r g a n a d ila r. 0 ‘q u v c h ila rd a b o sh la n g N c h m a k ta b d a s h a k lla n a d ig a n a m a liy u q u v la rd a n k o ’p c h ilig i m a k ta b m a te m a tik a k u rs i u c h u n a s o s iy a h a m iy a tg a e g a , le k in ta s a v v u r la r h a q id a b u n d a y d e y is h m u m k in e m a s. M a s a la n , so n h a q id a III v a IV s i n f o ’q u v c h ila ri e g a b o N g a n ta s a v v u rla r tu b d a n fa rq q ila d i. B iro q q u y i s in f la rd a s h a k lla n a d ig a n a rif m e tik a m a lla r n i y o z m a v a o g ’z a k i b a ja ris h u q u v la rid a n o ‘r ta s in f la rd a h a m ,'y u q o ri s in fla rd a h a m f o y d a la n ila d i. S h u n d a y q ilib , o ‘q u v c h ila r d a p u x ta a m a liy u q u v v a m a la k a la m i s h a k lla n tir is h b o s h la n g N c h s in f o ‘q itu v c h is in in g a s o s iy v a z ifa la rid a n b ir id ir . B u n d a u o ‘z a ro b o g N a n g a n ik k ita m e to d ik m u a m m o n i h a l e t ish i k e ra k : 1) m a ’lu m a m a liy is h la m in g b a ja r ilis h ja ra y o n i m a z m u n i m a tn in i y o z is h ; 2 ) o ‘q u v c h ila m in g o ‘z la s h tiris h la r i m e to d ik a s in i v a o ‘z la s h tiris h u s tid a n s a m a ra li n a z o ra tn i is h la b c h iq ish . A y ta y lik , b ir o r ja ra y o n n i e le m e n ta r is h la m in g c h e k li, q a t ’iy k e tm a -k e tlig i s ifa tid a ta s v ir la s h m u m k in b o N sin (e le m e n ta r is h d e b , b a ja r ilis h ja r a y o n i m a ’lu m b o N g a n ish n i tu s h u n a m iz ). B e rilg a n ja r a y o n n i a m a lg a o s h ir is h u c h u n q a y s i e le m e n ta r is h la rn i v a q a y s i k e tm a - k e tlik d a b a ja r is h lo z im lig in i k o N s a tu v c h i b u y ru q a lg o r itm d e b a ta la d i. A g a r b ir o r ish n i b a ja ris h a lg o ritm i m a ’lu m b o N sa , u h o ld a u n i a m a lg a o s h iris h u q u v in i s h a k lla n tiris t), u m u m a n a y tg a n d a , o ‘q iti- la y o tg a n b o la g a u n i y e tk a z is h g a e ris h is h m u m k in . S h u n d a y q ilib , al- g o r itm la m i ish la b c h iq is h m u h im m e to d ik a h a m iy a tg a eg a. H a m m a s in f la r m a s a la la ri u c h u n h a m a lg o ritm tu z ib b o N a v e r- m a y d i. M a s a la n , • a r ifm e tik m a s a la la r s h a rtla ri b o ‘y ic h a if o d a la r (te n g la m a la r ) tu z is h u c h u n , b e rilg a n so n li m a ’lu m o tla r, if o d a la r 22 ( te n g la m a la r b o ‘y ic h a m a tn ii m a s a la la r tu z is h u c h u n v a b u m a s a la la r s h a rtla r in i q is q a y o z is h u c h u n a lg o ritm is h la b c h iq is h m u m k in e m a s. I k k in c h i to m o n d a n , k o ‘p c h ilik c h iz m a la r, y o ‘r iq n o m a la r , b u y ru - q la r ta s h q i to m o n d a n a lg o ritm la rg a o ‘x s h a s a d a , le k in a s lid a a lg o r r itm la r e m a s. B u n a rs a , x u s u s a n , o ‘q u v c h ila r g a m a s a la n in g u s tid a is h la s h la r i b o ‘y ic h a e s la tm a g a h a m ta a llu q lid ir: 1. M a s a la n i d iq q a t b ila n o ‘q in g v a m a s a la d a g i h a r b ir so n n im a n i b ild iris h in i o ‘y la b k o ‘rin g . M a s a la d a a y tila y o tg a n h o la tn i f ik ra n ta - s a v v u r q ilin g . 2. A g a r m a s a la m u ra k k a b b o ‘ls a , u n in g s h a rtin i q is q a c h a y o z in g , u n g a o id c h iz m a c h iz in g . 3. M a s a la n i ik k in c h i m a rta o ‘q in g v a u n in g m a z m u n in i ic h - in g iz d a s o ‘z la b k o ‘rin g . 4. M a s a la n in g s a v o lig a j a v o b b e r is h u c h u n n im a n i b ilis h k e r a k lig in i o ‘y la b к о ‘rin g v a h.k. B o s h la n g N c h s in f la rd a a lg o ritm la s h tir is h m u m k in b o N g a n ja r a y o n la m in g e n g m u h im s in fla rin i s a n a b o ‘ta m iz : 1) “ k a tta ” , “ k i c h ik ” , “ te n g ” m u n o s a b a tla r in i o ‘m a tis h ; 2 ) o g ‘z a k i v a y o z m a h is o b - la s h la r; 3 ) te n g la m a la m i y e c h is h ; 4 ) g e o m e tr ik s h a k lla m i y a s a s h ; 5 ) s o n n in g u lu s h in i, s o n n in g k a s rin i, s o n n in g u lu s h i b o ‘y ic h a u n in g o ‘z in i a n iq la s h . I k k in c h i m e to d ik m u a m m o n i q a ra y m iz , u o ‘q u v c h ila rg a a lg o - r itm la m i o ‘r g a tis h n in g u m u m iy q o n u n iy a tla rin i o c h is h d a n ib o r a t boM adi. Y u q o r id a a y tilg a n id e k , a lg o ritm la s h tir ilis h i m u m k in b o N g a n m a ’lu m a m a liy f a o liy a tn i o ‘q itis h ta m o y ilg a k o ‘r a u sh b u b o s q ic h - la rg a b o N in a d i: o ‘q itu v c h i a lg o ritm n i is h la b c h iq a d i; o ‘q itu v c h i a lg o - ritm n in g m a z m u n i b ila n o ‘q u v c h ila m i ta n is h tira d i; o ‘q u v c h ila r m a z k u r a lg o ritm d a n k o ‘p m a rta fo y d a la n ib , u n i o ‘z la s h tira d ila r. M a te m a tik a d a s tu rla r in i ta h lili sh u n i k o ‘r s a ta d ik i, b o s h la n g N c h m a k ta b n in g y u q o r id a k o N s a tilg a n a lg o ritm ik m a s a la la m in g s in f la rg a n is b a ta n v a z ifa s i tu r lic h a d ir . M a s a la n , o g ‘z a k i v a y o z m a h is o b la s h a lg o ritm la rin i o ‘q u v c h ila r to N a o ‘z la s h tiris h la r i z a ru r. B u n a rs a “ k a tta ” , “ k ic h ik ” , “ te n g ” m u n o s a b a tla rin i o ‘m a tis h a lg o ritm la rig a h a m x o s d ir. T e n g la m a la m i y e c h is h , g e o m e tr ik s h a k lla m i y a s a s h , u lu s h la r v a k a s rla r u s tid a a m a lla r b a ja r is h u s u lla rin i o N g a n is h e s a y u q o ri s in f la rd a d a v o m e ttirila d i. B o s h la n g N c h s in f la r o ‘q u v c h ila ri te n g la m a la m i y e c h is h b ila n a rifm e tik a m a lla m in g k o m p o n e n tla ri v a 23 n a tija la ri o ra s id a g i b o g M an ish i, g e o m e tr ic s h a k lla m i y a s a s h b ila n g e o m e tr ik s h a k lla m in g t a ’rifi v a ta v s ifm i, u la m in g b a ’zi x o s s a la rin i, s o n n in g k a s rin i v a u lu s h in i to p is h b ila n u lu s h v a k a s r tu s h u n c h a la ri m a ’n o s in i o ‘z la s h tira d ila r. S h u n d a y q ilib , b o s h la n g N c h s in f la rd a b u a m a liy u q u v la rn in g s h a k lla n is h i b ir d a n -b ir m a q s a d e m a s . S h u s a b a b li o ‘q u v c h ila rg a te g is h li a lg o ritm la m i o ‘q itis h d a o ‘q itu v c h i y e ta r lic h a e h tiy o tk o r b o N ish i lo z im : 0 ‘q u v c h ila m i a lg o ritm la r b ila n ta n is h ti- r is h d a ik k i x il m e to d ik y o n d o s h u v b o N ish i m u m k in : 1. Ilg a ri o ‘r g a n ilg a n e le m e n ta r is h la rn i m a ’lu m k e tm a - k e tlik d a , tiz im d a b a ja r is h m u tla q o y a n g i m a s a la n i h a l e tis h im k o n in i b e r is h i o ‘q u v c h ila rg a a n iq m is o lla rd a k o ‘r s a tila d i. 0 ‘q u v c h ila r o ‘q itu v c h i r a h b a rlig id a m a z k u r a lg o ritm n i q a y ta a m a lg a o s h ira d ila r. B u ta jrib a s x e m a s h a k lid a u m u m la s h tirila d i v a u y o in d iv id u a l k a r to c h k a la rd a , y o k i m a x s u s ja d v a ld a q a y d e tila d i. B u s x e m a d a n f o y d a la n a y o tg a n d a , o ‘q u v c h ila r d a s tla b k i v a q tla rd a h a r b ir e le m e n ta r is h n in g n o m in i, u n in g m a z m u n in i to v u s h c h iq a rib a y ta d ila r. K e y in a y rim o ‘q u v c h ila r e le m e n ta r is h la m in g b a ja r ilis h in i b a ’z a n to v u s h c h iq a rib s h a rh la y d i- la r, q o lg a n o ‘q u v c h ila r e s a b u n i ic h la rid a b a ja ra d ila r. A lg o r itm d a n f o y d a la n is h m a s a la s in in g r iv o jla n ib b o ris h i b ila n o ‘q u v c h ila r te g is h li is h n i s x e m a g a q a r a m a s d a n b a ja ra d ila r. A lg o ritm n i s h a k ila n tiris h g a b u n d a y y o n d o s h u v d a b u a lg o ritm n i ta s h k il e tu v c h i e le m e n ta r is h la r v a u la m in g b a ja r ilis h ta rtib i o ‘q u v c h ila r g a ta y y o r k o ‘r in is h d a b e r i lad i. 2. A lg o r itm n in g s h a k lla n is h i s e k in -a s ta v a m a q s a d g a y o ‘n a l- tir ilg a n ta rz d a r o ‘y b e ra d i. 0 ‘q u v c h ila m in g fa o l is h tiro k id a e le m e n t a r is h la r a n g la n g a n ta rz d a ta n la n a d i, u la m in g b a ja rilis h k e tm a - k e tlig i a n iq la n a d i. B u n in g u c h u n tu z ilis h a lg o ritm i is h la b c h iq ila y o t- g a n o b ’e k tla m in g ilg a rid a n m a ’lu m t a ’r ifla rid a n , x o s s a la r id a n f o y d a la n ila d i, “ o ‘x s h a s h ” o b ’e k tla r u c h u n e n d ilik d a m a ’lu m b o N g a n al- g o ritm la r d a n to N a lig ic h a y o k i q is m a n f o y d a la n is h im k o n iy a tla ri te k sh irila d i. B u n d a y y o n d o s h u v d a o ‘q u v c h ila m in g a lg o ritm n i tu z is h - d a g i ish tiro k i y e ta r lic h a b o N ish i m u m k in , tu z is h ja r a y o n in in g o ‘zi e s a m a z m u n i b o ‘y ic h a ta d q iq o t is h ig a y a q in b o N ad i. B u n d a y y o n - d o s h u v n i a m a lg a o s h ir is h g a o id b ir n e c h a m is o l k e ltira m iz . T o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u rc h a k n i y a s a s h a lg o ritm in i is h la b c h iq is h lo z im b o N sin : 1. Ix tiy o riy t o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq q a A D k e s m a , y a ’n i t o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘rtb u r- c h a k n in g to m o n i q o ‘y ila d i. T o ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u rc h a k n in g t a ’r ifi x o tir a g a 24 tu s h irila d i: b u h a m m a b u rc h a k la ri to ‘g ‘ri b u r c h a k boM gan to ‘rtb u r- c h a k . D e m a k , to ‘g ‘ri t o ‘r tb u rc h a k n in g u m u m iy n u q ta g a e g a boM gan ik k ita to m o n i t o ‘g ‘ri b u r c h a k h o s il q ila d i. 0 ‘q u v c h ila m in g b a ’zi a m a liy u q u v la rin i a lg o ritm la r k o ‘r in is h id a o ‘z la s h tiris h la r i o ‘q is h n in g b o ris h in i s a m a ra li n a z o ra t q ilis h g a , o ‘q u v c h i a lg o ritm la s h tirilg a n ish n i b a ja r is h d a y o ‘ l q o ‘y a y o tg a n tiz im li x a to lik la ri b u n d a y x u lo s a c h iq a ris h g a im k o n b e ra d i: o ‘q u v c h i a lg o ritm g a k ir g a n b ir o r e le m e n ta r ish n i (y o k i ish la rn i) n o to ‘g ‘ri b a- ja r m o q d a , y o k i e le m e n ta r is h la m in g b a ja rilis h ta rtib in i b u z m o q d a . B u n in g u stig a , n o to ‘g ‘ri ja v o b m a ’lu m h o la tla rd a a y n i q a y s i ish n i o ‘q u v c h i n o to ‘g ‘ri b a ja r a y o tg a n lig i h a q id a g u v o h lik b e ra d i. Download 7.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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